:: The Limit of a Real Function at a Point
:: by Jaros{\l}aw Kotowicz
::
:: Received September 5, 1990
:: Copyright (c) 1990-2021 Association of Mizar Users

Lm1: for g, r, r1 being Real st 0 < g & r <= r1 holds
( r - g < r1 & r < r1 + g )

proof end;

Lm2: for seq being Real_Sequence
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL
for X being set st rng seq c= (dom (f1 (#) f2)) \ X holds
( rng seq c= dom (f1 (#) f2) & dom (f1 (#) f2) = (dom f1) /\ (dom f2) & rng seq c= dom f1 & rng seq c= dom f2 & rng seq c= (dom f1) \ X & rng seq c= (dom f2) \ X )

proof end;

Lm3: for r being Real
for n being Element of NAT holds
( r - (1 / (n + 1)) < r & r < r + (1 / (n + 1)) )

proof end;

Lm4: for seq being Real_Sequence
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL
for X being set st rng seq c= (dom (f1 + f2)) \ X holds
( rng seq c= dom (f1 + f2) & dom (f1 + f2) = (dom f1) /\ (dom f2) & rng seq c= dom f1 & rng seq c= dom f2 & rng seq c= (dom f1) \ X & rng seq c= (dom f2) \ X )

proof end;

theorem Th1: :: LIMFUNC3:1

for x0 being Real
for seq being Real_Sequence
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st ( rng seq c= (dom f) /\ (left_open_halfline x0) or rng seq c= (dom f) /\ (right_open_halfline x0) ) holds
rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0}

proof end;

theorem Th2: :: LIMFUNC3:2

for x0 being Real
for seq being Real_Sequence
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st ( for n being Element of NAT holds
( 0 < |.(x0 - (seq . n)).| & |.(x0 - (seq . n)).| < 1 / (n + 1) & seq . n in dom f ) ) holds
( seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= dom f & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} )

proof end;

theorem Th3: :: LIMFUNC3:3

for x0 being Real
for seq being Real_Sequence
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
for r being Real st 0 < r holds
ex n being Element of NAT st
for k being Element of NAT st n <= k holds
( 0 < |.(x0 - (seq . k)).| & |.(x0 - (seq . k)).| < r & seq . k in dom f )

proof end;

theorem Th4: :: LIMFUNC3:4

for r, x0 being Real st 0 < r holds
].(x0 - r),(x0 + r).[ \ {x0} = ].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[

proof end;

theorem Th5: :: LIMFUNC3:5

for r2, x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st 0 < r2 & ].(x0 - r2),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r2).[ c= dom f holds
for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f )

proof end;

theorem Th6: :: LIMFUNC3:6

for x0 being Real
for seq being Real_Sequence
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st ( for n being Element of NAT holds
( x0 - (1 / (n + 1)) < seq . n & seq . n < x0 & seq . n in dom f ) ) holds
( seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} )

proof end;

theorem Th7: :: LIMFUNC3:7

for g, x0 being Real
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & 0 < g holds
ex k being Element of NAT st
for n being Element of NAT st k <= n holds
( x0 - g < seq . n & seq . n < x0 + g )

proof end;

theorem Th8: :: LIMFUNC3:8

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL holds
( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) iff ( ( for r being Real st r < x0 holds
ex g being Real st
( r < g & g < x0 & g in dom f ) ) & ( for r being Real st x0 < r holds
ex g being Real st
( g < r & x0 < g & g in dom f ) ) ) )

proof end;

definition

let f be PartFunc of REAL,REAL;
let x0 be Real;

pred f is_convergent_in x0 means :: LIMFUNC3:def 1
( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ex g being Real st
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
( f /* seq is convergent & lim (f /* seq) = g ) );

pred f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 means :: LIMFUNC3:def 2
( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ( for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
f /* seq is divergent_to+infty ) );

pred f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 means :: LIMFUNC3:def 3
( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ( for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
f /* seq is divergent_to-infty ) );

end;

:: deftheorem defines is_convergent_in LIMFUNC3:def 1 :
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL
for x0 being Real holds
( f is_convergent_in x0 iff ( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ex g being Real st
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
( f /* seq is convergent & lim (f /* seq) = g ) ) );

:: deftheorem defines is_divergent_to+infty_in LIMFUNC3:def 2 :
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL
for x0 being Real holds
( f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 iff ( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ( for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
f /* seq is divergent_to+infty ) ) );

:: deftheorem defines is_divergent_to-infty_in LIMFUNC3:def 3 :
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL
for x0 being Real holds
( f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 iff ( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ( for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
f /* seq is divergent_to-infty ) ) );

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:9

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL holds
( f is_convergent_in x0 iff ( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ex g being Real st
for g1 being Real st 0 < g1 holds
ex g2 being Real st
( 0 < g2 & ( for r1 being Real st 0 < |.(x0 - r1).| & |.(x0 - r1).| < g2 & r1 in dom f holds
|.((f . r1) - g).| < g1 ) ) ) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:10

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL holds
( f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 iff ( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ( for g1 being Real ex g2 being Real st
( 0 < g2 & ( for r1 being Real st 0 < |.(x0 - r1).| & |.(x0 - r1).| < g2 & r1 in dom f holds
g1 < f . r1 ) ) ) ) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:11

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL holds
( f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 iff ( ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ( for g1 being Real ex g2 being Real st
( 0 < g2 & ( for r1 being Real st 0 < |.(x0 - r1).| & |.(x0 - r1).| < g2 & r1 in dom f holds
f . r1 < g1 ) ) ) ) )

proof end;

theorem Th12: :: LIMFUNC3:12

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL holds
( f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 iff ( f is_left_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & f is_right_divergent_to+infty_in x0 ) )

proof end;

theorem Th13: :: LIMFUNC3:13

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL holds
( f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 iff ( f is_left_divergent_to-infty_in x0 & f is_right_divergent_to-infty_in x0 ) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:14

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & f2 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in (dom f1) /\ (dom f2) & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in (dom f1) /\ (dom f2) ) ) holds
( f1 + f2 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & f1 (#) f2 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:15

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 & f2 is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in (dom f1) /\ (dom f2) & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in (dom f1) /\ (dom f2) ) ) holds
( f1 + f2 is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 & f1 (#) f2 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:16

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom (f1 + f2) & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom (f1 + f2) ) ) & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & f2 | (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) is bounded_below ) holds
f1 + f2 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:17

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom (f1 (#) f2) & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom (f1 (#) f2) ) ) & ex r, r1 being Real st
( 0 < r & 0 < r1 & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f2) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
r1 <= f2 . g ) ) holds
f1 (#) f2 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:18

for r, x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL holds
( ( f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & r > 0 implies r (#) f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 ) & ( f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & r < 0 implies r (#) f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 ) & ( f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 & r > 0 implies r (#) f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 ) & ( f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 & r < 0 implies r (#) f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 ) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:19

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st ( f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 or f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 ) holds
abs f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem Th20: :: LIMFUNC3:20

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st ex r being Real st
( f | ].(x0 - r),x0.[ is non-decreasing & f | ].x0,(x0 + r).[ is non-increasing & not f | ].(x0 - r),x0.[ is bounded_above & not f | ].x0,(x0 + r).[ is bounded_above ) & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) holds
f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:21

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & f | ].(x0 - r),x0.[ is increasing & f | ].x0,(x0 + r).[ is decreasing & not f | ].(x0 - r),x0.[ is bounded_above & not f | ].x0,(x0 + r).[ is bounded_above ) & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) holds
f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 by Th20;

theorem Th22: :: LIMFUNC3:22

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st ex r being Real st
( f | ].(x0 - r),x0.[ is non-increasing & f | ].x0,(x0 + r).[ is non-decreasing & not f | ].(x0 - r),x0.[ is bounded_below & not f | ].x0,(x0 + r).[ is bounded_below ) & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) holds
f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:23

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & f | ].(x0 - r),x0.[ is decreasing & f | ].x0,(x0 + r).[ is increasing & not f | ].(x0 - r),x0.[ is bounded_below & not f | ].x0,(x0 + r).[ is bounded_below ) & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) holds
f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 by Th22;

theorem Th24: :: LIMFUNC3:24

for x0 being Real
for f, f1 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) c= (dom f1) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
f1 . g <= f . g ) ) holds
f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem Th25: :: LIMFUNC3:25

for x0 being Real
for f, f1 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) c= (dom f1) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
f . g <= f1 . g ) ) holds
f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:26

for x0 being Real
for f, f1 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & ].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[ c= (dom f) /\ (dom f1) & ( for g being Real st g in ].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[ holds
f1 . g <= f . g ) ) holds
f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:27

for x0 being Real
for f, f1 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & ].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[ c= (dom f) /\ (dom f1) & ( for g being Real st g in ].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[ holds
f . g <= f1 . g ) ) holds
f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0

proof end;

definition

let f be PartFunc of REAL,REAL;
let x0 be Real;
assume A1: f is_convergent_in x0 ;

func lim (f,x0) -> Real means :Def4: :: LIMFUNC3:def 4
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
( f /* seq is convergent & lim (f /* seq) = it );

existence
ex b₁ being Real st
for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
( f /* seq is convergent & lim (f /* seq) = b₁ ) by A1;
uniqueness
for b₁, b₂ being Real st ( for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
( f /* seq is convergent & lim (f /* seq) = b₁ ) ) & ( for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
( f /* seq is convergent & lim (f /* seq) = b₂ ) ) holds
b₁ = b₂

proof end;

end;

:: deftheorem Def4 defines lim LIMFUNC3:def 4 :
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL
for x0 being Real st f is_convergent_in x0 holds
for b₃ being Real holds
( b₃ = lim (f,x0) iff for seq being Real_Sequence st seq is convergent & lim seq = x0 & rng seq c= (dom f) \ {x0} holds
( f /* seq is convergent & lim (f /* seq) = b₃ ) );

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:28

for g, x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 holds
( lim (f,x0) = g iff for g1 being Real st 0 < g1 holds
ex g2 being Real st
( 0 < g2 & ( for r1 being Real st 0 < |.(x0 - r1).| & |.(x0 - r1).| < g2 & r1 in dom f holds
|.((f . r1) - g).| < g1 ) ) )

proof end;

theorem Th29: :: LIMFUNC3:29

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 holds
( f is_left_convergent_in x0 & f is_right_convergent_in x0 & lim_left (f,x0) = lim_right (f,x0) & lim (f,x0) = lim_left (f,x0) & lim (f,x0) = lim_right (f,x0) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:30

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_left_convergent_in x0 & f is_right_convergent_in x0 & lim_left (f,x0) = lim_right (f,x0) holds
( f is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f,x0) = lim_left (f,x0) & lim (f,x0) = lim_right (f,x0) )

proof end;

theorem Th31: :: LIMFUNC3:31

for r, x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 holds
( r (#) f is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((r (#) f),x0) = r * (lim (f,x0)) )

proof end;

theorem Th32: :: LIMFUNC3:32

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 holds
( - f is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((- f),x0) = - (lim (f,x0)) )

proof end;

theorem Th33: :: LIMFUNC3:33

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_convergent_in x0 & f2 is_convergent_in x0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom (f1 + f2) & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom (f1 + f2) ) ) holds
( f1 + f2 is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((f1 + f2),x0) = (lim (f1,x0)) + (lim (f2,x0)) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:34

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_convergent_in x0 & f2 is_convergent_in x0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom (f1 - f2) & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom (f1 - f2) ) ) holds
( f1 - f2 is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((f1 - f2),x0) = (lim (f1,x0)) - (lim (f2,x0)) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:35

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 & f " {0} = {} & lim (f,x0) <> 0 holds
( f ^ is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((f ^),x0) = (lim (f,x0)) " )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:36

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 holds
( abs f is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((abs f),x0) = |.(lim (f,x0)).| )

proof end;

theorem Th37: :: LIMFUNC3:37

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f,x0) <> 0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f & f . g1 <> 0 & f . g2 <> 0 ) ) holds
( f ^ is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((f ^),x0) = (lim (f,x0)) " )

proof end;

theorem Th38: :: LIMFUNC3:38

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_convergent_in x0 & f2 is_convergent_in x0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom (f1 (#) f2) & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom (f1 (#) f2) ) ) holds
( f1 (#) f2 is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((f1 (#) f2),x0) = (lim (f1,x0)) * (lim (f2,x0)) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:39

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_convergent_in x0 & f2 is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f2,x0) <> 0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom (f1 / f2) & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom (f1 / f2) ) ) holds
( f1 / f2 is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((f1 / f2),x0) = (lim (f1,x0)) / (lim (f2,x0)) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:40

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f1,x0) = 0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom (f1 (#) f2) & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom (f1 (#) f2) ) ) & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & f2 | (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) is bounded ) holds
( f1 (#) f2 is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((f1 (#) f2),x0) = 0 )

proof end;

theorem Th41: :: LIMFUNC3:41

for x0 being Real
for f, f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_convergent_in x0 & f2 is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f1,x0) = lim (f2,x0) & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f ) ) & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
( f1 . g <= f . g & f . g <= f2 . g ) ) & ( ( (dom f1) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) c= (dom f2) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) & (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) c= (dom f1) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) ) or ( (dom f2) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) c= (dom f1) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) & (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) c= (dom f2) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) ) ) ) holds
( f is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f,x0) = lim (f1,x0) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:42

for x0 being Real
for f, f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_convergent_in x0 & f2 is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f1,x0) = lim (f2,x0) & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & ].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[ c= ((dom f1) /\ (dom f2)) /\ (dom f) & ( for g being Real st g in ].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[ holds
( f1 . g <= f . g & f . g <= f2 . g ) ) ) holds
( f is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f,x0) = lim (f1,x0) )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:43

for x0 being Real
for f1, f2 being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f1 is_convergent_in x0 & f2 is_convergent_in x0 & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & ( ( (dom f1) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) c= (dom f2) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f1) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
f1 . g <= f2 . g ) ) or ( (dom f2) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) c= (dom f1) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f2) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
f1 . g <= f2 . g ) ) ) ) holds
lim (f1,x0) <= lim (f2,x0)

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:44

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st ( f is_divergent_to+infty_in x0 or f is_divergent_to-infty_in x0 ) & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f & f . g1 <> 0 & f . g2 <> 0 ) ) holds
( f ^ is_convergent_in x0 & lim ((f ^),x0) = 0 )

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:45

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f,x0) = 0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f & f . g1 <> 0 & f . g2 <> 0 ) ) & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
0 <= f . g ) ) holds
f ^ is_divergent_to+infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:46

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f,x0) = 0 & ( for r1, r2 being Real st r1 < x0 & x0 < r2 holds
ex g1, g2 being Real st
( r1 < g1 & g1 < x0 & g1 in dom f & g2 < r2 & x0 < g2 & g2 in dom f & f . g1 <> 0 & f . g2 <> 0 ) ) & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
f . g <= 0 ) ) holds
f ^ is_divergent_to-infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:47

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f,x0) = 0 & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
0 < f . g ) ) holds
f ^ is_divergent_to+infty_in x0

proof end;

theorem :: LIMFUNC3:48

for x0 being Real
for f being PartFunc of REAL,REAL st f is_convergent_in x0 & lim (f,x0) = 0 & ex r being Real st
( 0 < r & ( for g being Real st g in (dom f) /\ (].(x0 - r),x0.[ \/ ].x0,(x0 + r).[) holds
f . g < 0 ) ) holds
f ^ is_divergent_to-infty_in x0

proof end;