:: Locally Connected Spaces
:: by Beata Padlewska
::
:: Received September 5, 1990
:: Copyright (c) 1990-2021 Association of Mizar Users

::
:: A NEIGHBORHOOD OF A POINT
::

definition

let X be non empty TopSpace;
let x be Point of X;

mode a_neighborhood of x -> Subset of X means :Def1: :: CONNSP_2:def 1
x in Int it;

existence
ex b₁ being Subset of X st x in Int b₁

proof end;

end;

:: deftheorem Def1 defines a_neighborhood CONNSP_2:def 1 :
for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X
for b₃ being Subset of X holds
( b₃ is a_neighborhood of x iff x in Int b₃ );

::
:: A NEIGHBORHOOD OF A SET
::

definition

let X be TopSpace;
let A be Subset of X;

mode a_neighborhood of A -> Subset of X means :Def2: :: CONNSP_2:def 2
A c= Int it;

existence
ex b₁ being Subset of X st A c= Int b₁

proof end;

end;

:: deftheorem Def2 defines a_neighborhood CONNSP_2:def 2 :
for X being TopSpace
for A, b₃ being Subset of X holds
( b₃ is a_neighborhood of A iff A c= Int b₃ );

theorem :: CONNSP_2:1

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X
for A, B being Subset of X st A is a_neighborhood of x & B is a_neighborhood of x holds
A \/ B is a_neighborhood of x

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:2

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X
for A, B being Subset of X holds
( ( A is a_neighborhood of x & B is a_neighborhood of x ) iff A /\ B is a_neighborhood of x )

proof end;

theorem Th3: :: CONNSP_2:3

for X being non empty TopSpace
for U1 being Subset of X
for x being Point of X st U1 is open & x in U1 holds
U1 is a_neighborhood of x

proof end;

theorem Th4: :: CONNSP_2:4

for X being non empty TopSpace
for U1 being Subset of X
for x being Point of X st U1 is a_neighborhood of x holds
x in U1

proof end;

theorem Th5: :: CONNSP_2:5

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X
for U1 being Subset of X st U1 is a_neighborhood of x holds
ex V being non empty Subset of X st
( V is a_neighborhood of x & V is open & V c= U1 )

proof end;

theorem Th6: :: CONNSP_2:6

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X
for U1 being Subset of X holds
( U1 is a_neighborhood of x iff ex V being Subset of X st
( V is open & V c= U1 & x in V ) )

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:7

for X being non empty TopSpace
for U1 being Subset of X holds
( U1 is open iff for x being Point of X st x in U1 holds
ex A being Subset of X st
( A is a_neighborhood of x & A c= U1 ) )

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:8

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X
for V being Subset of X holds
( V is a_neighborhood of {x} iff V is a_neighborhood of x )

proof end;

theorem Th9: :: CONNSP_2:9

for X being non empty TopSpace
for B being non empty Subset of X
for x being Point of (X | B)
for A being Subset of (X | B)
for A1 being Subset of X
for x1 being Point of X st B is open & A is a_neighborhood of x & A = A1 & x = x1 holds
A1 is a_neighborhood of x1

proof end;

Lm1: for X being non empty TopSpace
for X1 being SubSpace of X
for A being Subset of X
for A1 being Subset of X1 st A = A1 holds
(Int A) /\ ([#] X1) c= Int A1

proof end;

theorem Th10: :: CONNSP_2:10

for X being non empty TopSpace
for B being non empty Subset of X
for x being Point of (X | B)
for A being Subset of (X | B)
for A1 being Subset of X
for x1 being Point of X st A1 is a_neighborhood of x1 & A = A1 & x = x1 holds
A is a_neighborhood of x

proof end;

theorem Th11: :: CONNSP_2:11

for X being non empty TopSpace
for A, B being Subset of X st A is a_component & A c= B holds
A is_a_component_of B

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:12

for X being non empty TopSpace
for X1 being non empty SubSpace of X
for x being Point of X
for x1 being Point of X1 st x = x1 holds
Component_of x1 c= Component_of x

proof end;

::
:: LOCALLY CONNECTED TOPOLOGICAL SPACES
::

definition

let X be non empty TopSpace;
let x be Point of X;

pred X is_locally_connected_in x means :: CONNSP_2:def 3
for U1 being Subset of X st U1 is a_neighborhood of x holds
ex V being Subset of X st
( V is a_neighborhood of x & V is connected & V c= U1 );

end;

:: deftheorem defines is_locally_connected_in CONNSP_2:def 3 :
for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X holds
( X is_locally_connected_in x iff for U1 being Subset of X st U1 is a_neighborhood of x holds
ex V being Subset of X st
( V is a_neighborhood of x & V is connected & V c= U1 ) );

definition

let X be non empty TopSpace;

attr X is locally_connected means :: CONNSP_2:def 4
for x being Point of X holds X is_locally_connected_in x;

end;

:: deftheorem defines locally_connected CONNSP_2:def 4 :
for X being non empty TopSpace holds
( X is locally_connected iff for x being Point of X holds X is_locally_connected_in x );

definition

let X be non empty TopSpace;
let A be Subset of X;
let x be Point of X;

pred A is_locally_connected_in x means :: CONNSP_2:def 5
for B being non empty Subset of X st A = B holds
ex x1 being Point of (X | B) st
( x1 = x & X | B is_locally_connected_in x1 );

end;

:: deftheorem defines is_locally_connected_in CONNSP_2:def 5 :
for X being non empty TopSpace
for A being Subset of X
for x being Point of X holds
( A is_locally_connected_in x iff for B being non empty Subset of X st A = B holds
ex x1 being Point of (X | B) st
( x1 = x & X | B is_locally_connected_in x1 ) );

definition

let X be non empty TopSpace;
let A be non empty Subset of X;

attr A is locally_connected means :: CONNSP_2:def 6
X | A is locally_connected ;

end;

:: deftheorem defines locally_connected CONNSP_2:def 6 :
for X being non empty TopSpace
for A being non empty Subset of X holds
( A is locally_connected iff X | A is locally_connected );

theorem Th13: :: CONNSP_2:13

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X holds
( X is_locally_connected_in x iff for V, S being Subset of X st V is a_neighborhood of x & S is_a_component_of V & x in S holds
S is a_neighborhood of x )

proof end;

theorem Th14: :: CONNSP_2:14

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X holds
( X is_locally_connected_in x iff for U1 being non empty Subset of X st U1 is open & x in U1 holds
ex x1 being Point of (X | U1) st
( x1 = x & x in Int (Component_of x1) ) )

proof end;

theorem Th15: :: CONNSP_2:15

for X being non empty TopSpace st X is locally_connected holds
for S being Subset of X st S is a_component holds
S is open

proof end;

theorem Th16: :: CONNSP_2:16

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X st X is_locally_connected_in x holds
for A being non empty Subset of X st A is open & x in A holds
A is_locally_connected_in x

proof end;

theorem Th17: :: CONNSP_2:17

for X being non empty TopSpace st X is locally_connected holds
for A being non empty Subset of X st A is open holds
A is locally_connected

proof end;

theorem Th18: :: CONNSP_2:18

for X being non empty TopSpace holds
( X is locally_connected iff for A being non empty Subset of X
for B being Subset of X st A is open & B is_a_component_of A holds
B is open )

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:19

for X being non empty TopSpace st X is locally_connected holds
for E being non empty Subset of X
for C being non empty Subset of (X | E) st C is connected & C is open holds
ex H being Subset of X st
( H is open & H is connected & C = E /\ H )

proof end;

theorem Th20: :: CONNSP_2:20

for X being non empty TopSpace holds
( X is normal iff for A, C being Subset of X st A <> {} & C <> [#] X & A c= C & A is closed & C is open holds
ex G being Subset of X st
( G is open & A c= G & Cl G c= C ) )

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:21

for X being non empty TopSpace st X is locally_connected & X is normal holds
for A, B being Subset of X st A <> {} & B <> {} & A is closed & B is closed & A misses B & A is connected & B is connected holds
ex R, S being Subset of X st
( R is connected & S is connected & R is open & S is open & A c= R & B c= S & R misses S )

proof end;

theorem Th22: :: CONNSP_2:22

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X
for F being Subset-Family of X st ( for A being Subset of X holds
( A in F iff ( A is open & A is closed & x in A ) ) ) holds
F <> {}

proof end;

::
:: A QUASICOMPONENT OF A POINT
::

definition

let X be non empty TopSpace;
let x be Point of X;

func qComponent_of x -> Subset of X means :Def7: :: CONNSP_2:def 7
ex F being Subset-Family of X st
( ( for A being Subset of X holds
( A in F iff ( A is open & A is closed & x in A ) ) ) & meet F = it );

existence
ex b₁ being Subset of X ex F being Subset-Family of X st
( ( for A being Subset of X holds
( A in F iff ( A is open & A is closed & x in A ) ) ) & meet F = b₁ )

proof end;

uniqueness
for b₁, b₂ being Subset of X st ex F being Subset-Family of X st
( ( for A being Subset of X holds
( A in F iff ( A is open & A is closed & x in A ) ) ) & meet F = b₁ ) & ex F being Subset-Family of X st
( ( for A being Subset of X holds
( A in F iff ( A is open & A is closed & x in A ) ) ) & meet F = b₂ ) holds
b₁ = b₂

proof end;

end;

:: deftheorem Def7 defines qComponent_of CONNSP_2:def 7 :
for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X
for b₃ being Subset of X holds
( b₃ = qComponent_of x iff ex F being Subset-Family of X st
( ( for A being Subset of X holds
( A in F iff ( A is open & A is closed & x in A ) ) ) & meet F = b₃ ) );

theorem :: CONNSP_2:23

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X holds x in qComponent_of x

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:24

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X
for A being Subset of X st A is open & A is closed & x in A & A c= qComponent_of x holds
A = qComponent_of x

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:25

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X holds qComponent_of x is closed

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:26

for X being non empty TopSpace
for x being Point of X holds Component_of x c= qComponent_of x

proof end;

:: Moved from YELLOW_6, AG 18.02.2006

theorem :: CONNSP_2:27

for T being non empty TopSpace
for A being Subset of T
for p being Point of T holds
( p in Cl A iff for G being a_neighborhood of p holds G meets A )

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:28

for X being non empty TopSpace
for A being Subset of X holds [#] X is a_neighborhood of A

proof end;

theorem :: CONNSP_2:29

for X being non empty TopSpace
for A being Subset of X
for Y being a_neighborhood of A holds A c= Y

proof end;