:: Intersections of Intervals and Balls in TOP-REAL n
:: by Artur Korni{\l}owicz and Yasunari Shidama
::
:: Received May 10, 2004
:: Copyright (c) 2004-2011 Association of Mizar Users

begin

theorem :: TOPREAL9:1

for n being Element of NAT
for x, y, z being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds (x - y) - z = (x - z) - y by JORDAN2C:9;

theorem Th2: :: TOPREAL9:2

for n being Element of NAT
for x, y, z being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st x + y = x + z holds
y = z

proof end;

theorem Th3: :: TOPREAL9:3

for n being Element of NAT
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st not n is empty holds
x <> x + (1.REAL n)

proof end;

theorem Th4: :: TOPREAL9:4

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y, z being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for x being set st x = ((1 - r) * y) + (r * z) holds
( ( not x = y or r = 0 or y = z ) & ( ( r = 0 or y = z ) implies x = y ) & ( not x = z or r = 1 or y = z ) & ( ( r = 1 or y = z ) implies x = z ) )

proof end;

theorem Th5: :: TOPREAL9:5

for f being real-valued FinSequence holds |.f.| ^2 = Sum (sqr f)

proof end;

theorem Th6: :: TOPREAL9:6

for r being real number
for M being non empty MetrSpace
for z1, z2, z3 being Point of M st z1 <> z2 & z1 in cl_Ball (z3,r) & z2 in cl_Ball (z3,r) holds
r > 0

proof end;

begin

definition

let n be Nat;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real number ;
func Ball (x,r) -> Subset of (TOP-REAL n) equals :: TOPREAL9:def 1
{ p where p is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(p - x).| < r } ;
coherence
{ p where p is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(p - x).| < r } is Subset of (TOP-REAL n)

proof end;

func cl_Ball (x,r) -> Subset of (TOP-REAL n) equals :: TOPREAL9:def 2
{ p where p is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(p - x).| <= r } ;
coherence
{ p where p is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(p - x).| <= r } is Subset of (TOP-REAL n)

proof end;

func Sphere (x,r) -> Subset of (TOP-REAL n) equals :: TOPREAL9:def 3
{ p where p is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(p - x).| = r } ;
coherence
{ p where p is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(p - x).| = r } is Subset of (TOP-REAL n)

proof end;

end;

:: deftheorem defines Ball TOPREAL9:def 1 :
for n being Nat
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for r being real number holds Ball (x,r) = { p where p is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(p - x).| < r } ;

:: deftheorem defines cl_Ball TOPREAL9:def 2 :
for n being Nat
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for r being real number holds cl_Ball (x,r) = { p where p is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(p - x).| <= r } ;

:: deftheorem defines Sphere TOPREAL9:def 3 :
for n being Nat
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for r being real number holds Sphere (x,r) = { p where p is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(p - x).| = r } ;

theorem Th7: :: TOPREAL9:7

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y, x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds
( y in Ball (x,r) iff |.(y - x).| < r )

proof end;

theorem Th8: :: TOPREAL9:8

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y, x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds
( y in cl_Ball (x,r) iff |.(y - x).| <= r )

proof end;

theorem Th9: :: TOPREAL9:9

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y, x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds
( y in Sphere (x,r) iff |.(y - x).| = r )

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:10

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st y in Ball ((0. (TOP-REAL n)),r) holds
|.y.| < r

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:11

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st y in cl_Ball ((0. (TOP-REAL n)),r) holds
|.y.| <= r

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:12

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st y in Sphere ((0. (TOP-REAL n)),r) holds
|.y.| = r

proof end;

theorem Th13: :: TOPREAL9:13

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for e being Point of (Euclid n) st x = e holds
Ball (e,r) = Ball (x,r)

proof end;

theorem Th14: :: TOPREAL9:14

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for e being Point of (Euclid n) st x = e holds
cl_Ball (e,r) = cl_Ball (x,r)

proof end;

theorem Th15: :: TOPREAL9:15

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for e being Point of (Euclid n) st x = e holds
Sphere (e,r) = Sphere (x,r)

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:16

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds Ball (x,r) c= cl_Ball (x,r)

proof end;

theorem Th17: :: TOPREAL9:17

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds Sphere (x,r) c= cl_Ball (x,r)

proof end;

theorem Th18: :: TOPREAL9:18

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds (Ball (x,r)) \/ (Sphere (x,r)) = cl_Ball (x,r)

proof end;

theorem Th19: :: TOPREAL9:19

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds Ball (x,r) misses Sphere (x,r)

proof end;

registration

let n be Nat;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real non positive number ;
cluster Ball (x,r) -> empty ;
coherence
Ball (x,r) is empty

proof end;

end;

registration

let n be Nat;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real positive number ;
cluster Ball (x,r) -> non empty ;
coherence
not Ball (x,r) is empty

proof end;

end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:20

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st not Ball (x,r) is empty holds
r > 0 ;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:21

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st Ball (x,r) is empty holds
r <= 0 ;

registration

let n be Nat;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real negative number ;
cluster cl_Ball (x,r) -> empty ;
coherence
cl_Ball (x,r) is empty

proof end;

end;

registration

let n be Nat;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real non negative number ;
cluster cl_Ball (x,r) -> non empty ;
coherence
not cl_Ball (x,r) is empty

proof end;

end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:22

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st not cl_Ball (x,r) is empty holds
r >= 0 ;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:23

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st cl_Ball (x,r) is empty holds
r < 0 ;

theorem Th24: :: TOPREAL9:24

for n being Element of NAT
for a, b, r being real number
for x, z, y being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st a + b = 1 & (abs a) + (abs b) = 1 & b <> 0 & x in cl_Ball (z,r) & y in Ball (z,r) holds
(a * x) + (b * y) in Ball (z,r)

proof end;

registration

let n be Nat;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real number ;
cluster Ball (x,r) -> open ;
coherence
Ball (x,r) is open

proof end;

cluster cl_Ball (x,r) -> closed ;
coherence
cl_Ball (x,r) is closed

proof end;

cluster Sphere (x,r) -> closed ;
coherence
Sphere (x,r) is closed

proof end;

end;

registration

let n be Element of NAT ;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real number ;
cluster Ball (x,r) -> Bounded ;
coherence
Ball (x,r) is Bounded

proof end;

cluster cl_Ball (x,r) -> Bounded ;
coherence
cl_Ball (x,r) is Bounded

proof end;

cluster Sphere (x,r) -> Bounded ;
coherence
Sphere (x,r) is Bounded

proof end;

end;

Lm1: for n being Element of NAT
for a being real number
for P being Subset of (TOP-REAL n)
for Q being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st P = { q where q is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(q - Q).| <= a } holds
P is convex

proof end;

Lm2: for n being Element of NAT
for a being real number
for P being Subset of (TOP-REAL n)
for Q being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st P = { q where q is Point of (TOP-REAL n) : |.(q - Q).| < a } holds
P is convex

proof end;

registration

let n be Nat;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real number ;
cluster Ball (x,r) -> convex ;
coherence
Ball (x,r) is convex

proof end;

cluster cl_Ball (x,r) -> convex ;
coherence
cl_Ball (x,r) is convex

proof end;

end;

definition

let n be Nat;
let f be Function of (TOP-REAL n),(TOP-REAL n);
attr f is homogeneous means :Def4: :: TOPREAL9:def 4
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds f . (r * x) = r * (f . x);
canceled;

end;

:: deftheorem Def4 defines homogeneous TOPREAL9:def 4 :
for n being Nat
for f being Function of (TOP-REAL n),(TOP-REAL n) holds
( f is homogeneous iff for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds f . (r * x) = r * (f . x) );

:: deftheorem TOPREAL9:def 5 :
canceled;

registration

let n be Element of NAT ;
cluster (TOP-REAL n) --> (0. (TOP-REAL n)) -> additive homogeneous ;
coherence
( (TOP-REAL n) --> (0. (TOP-REAL n)) is homogeneous & (TOP-REAL n) --> (0. (TOP-REAL n)) is additive )

proof end;

end;

registration

let n be Element of NAT ;
cluster V16() V21() V27( the carrier of (TOP-REAL n), the carrier of (TOP-REAL n)) continuous additive homogeneous Element of K6(K7( the carrier of (TOP-REAL n), the carrier of (TOP-REAL n)));
existence
ex b₁ being Function of (TOP-REAL n),(TOP-REAL n) st
( b₁ is homogeneous & b₁ is additive & b₁ is continuous )

proof end;

end;

registration

let a, c be real number ;
cluster AffineMap (a,0,c,0) -> additive homogeneous ;
coherence
( AffineMap (a,0,c,0) is homogeneous & AffineMap (a,0,c,0) is additive )

proof end;

end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:25

for n being Element of NAT
for f being additive homogeneous Function of (TOP-REAL n),(TOP-REAL n)
for X being convex Subset of (TOP-REAL n) holds f .: X is convex

proof end;

definition

let n be Nat;
let p, q be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
func halfline (p,q) -> Subset of (TOP-REAL n) equals :: TOPREAL9:def 6
{ (((1 - l) * p) + (l * q)) where l is Real : 0 <= l } ;
coherence
{ (((1 - l) * p) + (l * q)) where l is Real : 0 <= l } is Subset of (TOP-REAL n)

proof end;

end;

:: deftheorem defines halfline TOPREAL9:def 6 :
for n being Nat
for p, q being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds halfline (p,q) = { (((1 - l) * p) + (l * q)) where l is Real : 0 <= l } ;

theorem Th26: :: TOPREAL9:26

for n being Element of NAT
for p, q being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for x being set holds
( x in halfline (p,q) iff ex l being real number st
( x = ((1 - l) * p) + (l * q) & 0 <= l ) )

proof end;

registration

let n be Element of NAT ;
let p, q be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
cluster halfline (p,q) -> non empty ;
coherence
not halfline (p,q) is empty

proof end;

end;

theorem Th27: :: TOPREAL9:27

for n being Element of NAT
for p, q being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds p in halfline (p,q)

proof end;

theorem Th28: :: TOPREAL9:28

for n being Element of NAT
for q, p being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds q in halfline (p,q)

proof end;

theorem Th29: :: TOPREAL9:29

for n being Element of NAT
for p being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds halfline (p,p) = {p}

proof end;

theorem Th30: :: TOPREAL9:30

for n being Element of NAT
for x, p, q being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st x in halfline (p,q) holds
halfline (p,x) c= halfline (p,q)

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:31

for n being Element of NAT
for x, p, q being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st x in halfline (p,q) & x <> p holds
halfline (p,q) = halfline (p,x)

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:32

for n being Element of NAT
for p, q being Point of (TOP-REAL n) holds LSeg (p,q) c= halfline (p,q)

proof end;

registration

let n be Element of NAT ;
let p, q be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
cluster halfline (p,q) -> convex ;
coherence
halfline (p,q) is convex

proof end;

end;

theorem Th33: :: TOPREAL9:33

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y, x, z being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st y in Sphere (x,r) & z in Ball (x,r) holds
(LSeg (y,z)) /\ (Sphere (x,r)) = {y}

proof end;

theorem Th34: :: TOPREAL9:34

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y, x, z being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st y in Sphere (x,r) & z in Sphere (x,r) holds
(LSeg (y,z)) \ {y,z} c= Ball (x,r)

proof end;

theorem Th35: :: TOPREAL9:35

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y, x, z being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st y in Sphere (x,r) & z in Sphere (x,r) holds
(LSeg (y,z)) /\ (Sphere (x,r)) = {y,z}

proof end;

theorem Th36: :: TOPREAL9:36

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for y, x, z being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st y in Sphere (x,r) & z in Sphere (x,r) holds
(halfline (y,z)) /\ (Sphere (x,r)) = {y,z}

proof end;

theorem Th37: :: TOPREAL9:37

for n being Element of NAT
for r, a being real number
for y, z, x being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for S, T, X being Element of REAL n st S = y & T = z & X = x & y <> z & y in Ball (x,r) & a = ((- (2 * |((z - y),(y - x))|)) + (sqrt (delta ((Sum (sqr (T - S))),(2 * |((z - y),(y - x))|),((Sum (sqr (S - X))) - (r ^2)))))) / (2 * (Sum (sqr (T - S)))) holds
ex e being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st
( {e} = (halfline (y,z)) /\ (Sphere (x,r)) & e = ((1 - a) * y) + (a * z) )

proof end;

theorem Th38: :: TOPREAL9:38

for n being Element of NAT
for r, a being real number
for y, z, x being Point of (TOP-REAL n)
for S, T, Y being Element of REAL n st S = ((1 / 2) * y) + ((1 / 2) * z) & T = z & Y = x & y <> z & y in Sphere (x,r) & z in cl_Ball (x,r) holds
ex e being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st
( e <> y & {y,e} = (halfline (y,z)) /\ (Sphere (x,r)) & ( z in Sphere (x,r) implies e = z ) & ( not z in Sphere (x,r) & a = ((- (2 * |((z - (((1 / 2) * y) + ((1 / 2) * z))),((((1 / 2) * y) + ((1 / 2) * z)) - x))|)) + (sqrt (delta ((Sum (sqr (T - S))),(2 * |((z - (((1 / 2) * y) + ((1 / 2) * z))),((((1 / 2) * y) + ((1 / 2) * z)) - x))|),((Sum (sqr (S - Y))) - (r ^2)))))) / (2 * (Sum (sqr (T - S)))) implies e = ((1 - a) * (((1 / 2) * y) + ((1 / 2) * z))) + (a * z) ) )

proof end;

registration

let n be Nat;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real negative number ;
cluster Sphere (x,r) -> empty ;
coherence
Sphere (x,r) is empty

proof end;

end;

registration

let n be non empty Nat;
let x be Point of (TOP-REAL n);
let r be real non negative number ;
cluster Sphere (x,r) -> non empty ;
coherence
not Sphere (x,r) is empty

proof end;

end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:39

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st not Sphere (x,r) is empty holds
r >= 0 ;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:40

for n being Element of NAT
for r being real number
for x being Point of (TOP-REAL n) st not n is empty & Sphere (x,r) is empty holds
r < 0 ;

begin

theorem :: TOPREAL9:41

for a, b being real number
for s, t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) holds ((a * s) + (b * t)) `1 = (a * (s `1)) + (b * (t `1))

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:42

for a, b being real number
for s, t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) holds ((a * s) + (b * t)) `2 = (a * (s `2)) + (b * (t `2))

proof end;

theorem Th43: :: TOPREAL9:43

for a, b, r being real number
for t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) holds
( t in circle (a,b,r) iff |.(t - |[a,b]|).| = r )

proof end;

theorem Th44: :: TOPREAL9:44

for a, b, r being real number
for t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) holds
( t in closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r) iff |.(t - |[a,b]|).| <= r )

proof end;

theorem Th45: :: TOPREAL9:45

for a, b, r being real number
for t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) holds
( t in inside_of_circle (a,b,r) iff |.(t - |[a,b]|).| < r )

proof end;

registration

let a, b be real number ;
let r be real positive number ;
cluster inside_of_circle (a,b,r) -> non empty ;
coherence
not inside_of_circle (a,b,r) is empty

proof end;

end;

registration

let a, b be real number ;
let r be real non negative number ;
cluster closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r) -> non empty ;
coherence
not closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r) is empty

proof end;

end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:46

for a, b, r being real number holds circle (a,b,r) c= closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem Th47: :: TOPREAL9:47

for a, b, r being real number
for x being Point of (Euclid 2) st x = |[a,b]| holds
cl_Ball (x,r) = closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem Th48: :: TOPREAL9:48

for a, b, r being real number
for x being Point of (Euclid 2) st x = |[a,b]| holds
Ball (x,r) = inside_of_circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem Th49: :: TOPREAL9:49

for a, b, r being real number
for x being Point of (Euclid 2) st x = |[a,b]| holds
Sphere (x,r) = circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem Th50: :: TOPREAL9:50

for a, b, r being real number holds Ball (|[a,b]|,r) = inside_of_circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:51

for a, b, r being real number holds cl_Ball (|[a,b]|,r) = closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem Th52: :: TOPREAL9:52

for a, b, r being real number holds Sphere (|[a,b]|,r) = circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:53

for a, b, r being real number holds inside_of_circle (a,b,r) c= closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:54

for a, b, r being real number holds inside_of_circle (a,b,r) misses circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:55

for a, b, r being real number holds (inside_of_circle (a,b,r)) \/ (circle (a,b,r)) = closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:56

for r being real number
for s being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) st s in Sphere ((0. (TOP-REAL 2)),r) holds
((s `1) ^2) + ((s `2) ^2) = r ^2

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:57

for a, b, r being real number
for s, t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) st s <> t & s in closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r) & t in closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r) holds
r > 0

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:58

for a, b, w, r being real number
for s, t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2)
for S, T, X being Element of REAL 2 st S = s & T = t & X = |[a,b]| & w = ((- (2 * |((t - s),(s - |[a,b]|))|)) + (sqrt (delta ((Sum (sqr (T - S))),(2 * |((t - s),(s - |[a,b]|))|),((Sum (sqr (S - X))) - (r ^2)))))) / (2 * (Sum (sqr (T - S)))) & s <> t & s in inside_of_circle (a,b,r) holds
ex e being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) st
( {e} = (halfline (s,t)) /\ (circle (a,b,r)) & e = ((1 - w) * s) + (w * t) )

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:59

for a, b, r being real number
for s, t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) st s in circle (a,b,r) & t in inside_of_circle (a,b,r) holds
(LSeg (s,t)) /\ (circle (a,b,r)) = {s}

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:60

for a, b, r being real number
for s, t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) st s in circle (a,b,r) & t in circle (a,b,r) holds
(LSeg (s,t)) \ {s,t} c= inside_of_circle (a,b,r)

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:61

for a, b, r being real number
for s, t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) st s in circle (a,b,r) & t in circle (a,b,r) holds
(LSeg (s,t)) /\ (circle (a,b,r)) = {s,t}

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:62

for a, b, r being real number
for s, t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) st s in circle (a,b,r) & t in circle (a,b,r) holds
(halfline (s,t)) /\ (circle (a,b,r)) = {s,t}

proof end;

theorem :: TOPREAL9:63

for a, b, r, w being real number
for s, t being Point of (TOP-REAL 2)
for S, T, Y being Element of REAL 2 st S = ((1 / 2) * s) + ((1 / 2) * t) & T = t & Y = |[a,b]| & s <> t & s in circle (a,b,r) & t in closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r) holds
ex e being Point of (TOP-REAL 2) st
( e <> s & {s,e} = (halfline (s,t)) /\ (circle (a,b,r)) & ( t in Sphere (|[a,b]|,r) implies e = t ) & ( not t in Sphere (|[a,b]|,r) & w = ((- (2 * |((t - (((1 / 2) * s) + ((1 / 2) * t))),((((1 / 2) * s) + ((1 / 2) * t)) - |[a,b]|))|)) + (sqrt (delta ((Sum (sqr (T - S))),(2 * |((t - (((1 / 2) * s) + ((1 / 2) * t))),((((1 / 2) * s) + ((1 / 2) * t)) - |[a,b]|))|),((Sum (sqr (S - Y))) - (r ^2)))))) / (2 * (Sum (sqr (T - S)))) implies e = ((1 - w) * (((1 / 2) * s) + ((1 / 2) * t))) + (w * t) ) )

proof end;

registration

let a, b, r be real number ;
cluster inside_of_circle (a,b,r) -> convex ;
coherence
inside_of_circle (a,b,r) is convex

proof end;

cluster closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r) -> convex ;
coherence
closed_inside_of_circle (a,b,r) is convex

proof end;

end;