Copyright (c) 2001 Association of Mizar Users
environ vocabulary FUNCT_1, BOOLE, ORDINAL1, FINSEQ_1, FINSET_1, RELAT_1, ORDINAL2, CARD_1, TARSKI, PARTFUN1, ALGSEQ_1, ARYTM_1, FUNCT_4, FINSEQ_7, CAT_1, AFINSQ_1; notation TARSKI, XBOOLE_0, ZFMISC_1, SUBSET_1, NUMBERS, XREAL_0, RELAT_1, FUNCT_1, ORDINAL1, ORDINAL2, ORDINAL4, REAL_1, NAT_1, PARTFUN1, FINSET_1, CARD_1, FINSEQ_1, FUNCT_4, CQC_LANG, FUNCT_7; constructors REAL_1, NAT_1, WELLORD2, CQC_LANG, FUNCT_7, ORDINAL4, XREAL_0, MEMBERED; clusters FUNCT_1, RELAT_1, RELSET_1, CARD_1, SUBSET_1, ORDINAL1, ARYTM_3, FUNCT_7, NAT_1, XREAL_0, MEMBERED, NUMBERS, ORDINAL2; requirements REAL, NUMERALS, SUBSET, BOOLE, ARITHM; definitions TARSKI, FUNCT_1, WELLORD2, ORDINAL2, XBOOLE_0; theorems TARSKI, AXIOMS, FUNCT_1, REAL_1, NAT_1, ZFMISC_1, RELAT_1, RELSET_1, PARTFUN1, ORDINAL1, CARD_1, FINSEQ_1, EULER_1, CARD_4, CARD_5, FUNCT_7, AMI_1, GRFUNC_1, ORDINAL2, ORDINAL4, CARD_2, FUNCT_4, CQC_LANG, ORDINAL3, XBOOLE_0, XBOOLE_1, XCMPLX_1; schemes FUNCT_1, REAL_1, NAT_1, XBOOLE_0; begin reserve k,m,n for Nat, x,y,z,y1,y2,X,Y for set, f,g for Function; ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: :: :: Extended Segments of Natural Numbers :: :: :: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: theorem Th1: n in n+1 proof n < n+1 by NAT_1:38; then n in { k : k < n+1 }; hence n in n+1 by AXIOMS:30; end; theorem Th2: k <= n implies k = k /\ n proof assume k <= n; then k c= n by CARD_1:56; hence thesis by XBOOLE_1:28; end; theorem k = k /\ n implies k <= n by Th2; theorem Th4: :: ORDINAL1:def 1, CARD_1:52 n \/ { n } = n+1 proof n+1 = succ n by CARD_1:52; hence thesis by ORDINAL1:def 1; end; theorem Th5: Seg n c= n+1 proof let x; assume A1:x in Seg n; then reconsider x as Nat; 1<=x & x<=n by A1,FINSEQ_1:3; then x<n+1 by NAT_1:38; hence thesis by EULER_1:1; end; theorem n+1 = {0} \/ Seg n proof thus n+1 c= {0} \/ Seg n proof let x; assume x in n+1; then x in {j where j is Nat: j<n+1} by AXIOMS:30; then consider j being Nat such that A1: j=x & j<n+1; j=0 or 0<j & j<=n by A1,NAT_1:19,38; then j=0 or 1<j+1 & j<=n by REAL_1:69; then j=0 or 1<=j & j<=n by NAT_1:38; then x in {0} or x in Seg n by A1,FINSEQ_1:3,TARSKI:def 1; hence thesis by XBOOLE_0:def 2; end; 1 <= n+1 by NAT_1:29; then A2: {0} c= n+1 by CARD_1:56,CARD_5:1; Seg(n) c= n+1 by Th5; hence thesis by A2,XBOOLE_1:8; end; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: :: :: Finite ExFinSequences :: :: :: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: theorem Th7: for r being Function holds r is finite T-Sequence-like iff ex n st dom r = n proof let r be Function; hereby assume r is finite T-Sequence-like; then dom r is finite & dom r is Ordinal by AMI_1:21,ORDINAL1:def 7; then dom r in omega by CARD_4:7; hence ex n st dom r = n; end; assume ex n st dom r = n; hence thesis by AMI_1:21,ORDINAL1:def 7; end; definition cluster finite T-Sequence-like Function; existence proof deffunc _F(set) = 0; consider f such that A1: dom f = {} & for x st x in {} holds f.x = _F(x) from Lambda; take f; thus thesis by A1,Th7; end; end; definition mode XFinSequence is finite T-Sequence; end; reserve p,q,r,s,t for XFinSequence; definition cluster natural -> finite set; coherence proof let a be set; assume a in omega; then a is Nat; hence thesis; end; let p; cluster dom p -> natural; coherence proof ex n st dom p = n by Th7; hence thesis; end; end; definition let p; redefine func Card p -> Nat means :Def1: it = dom p; coherence proof Card p = card p; hence thesis; end; compatibility proof let k; consider n such that A1: dom p = n by Th7; dom p, p are_equipotent proof deffunc _F(set) = [$1,p.$1]; consider g being Function such that A2: dom g = dom p and A3: for x st x in dom p holds g.x = _F(x) from Lambda; take g; thus g is one-to-one proof let x,y; assume A4: x in dom g & y in dom g; assume g.x = g.y; then [x,p.x] = g.y by A2,A3,A4 .= [y,p.y] by A2,A3,A4; hence x = y by ZFMISC_1:33; end; thus dom g = dom p by A2; thus rng g c= p proof let i be set; assume i in rng g; then consider x such that A5: x in dom g and A6: g.x = i by FUNCT_1:def 5; g.x = [x,p.x] by A2,A3,A5; hence i in p by A2,A5,A6,FUNCT_1:8; end; let i be set; assume A7: i in p; then consider x,y such that A8: i = [x,y] by RELAT_1:def 1; A9: x in dom p & y = p.x by A7,A8,FUNCT_1:8; then g.x = i by A3,A8; hence i in rng g by A2,A9,FUNCT_1:def 5; end; then A10: Card p = Card dom p by CARD_1:21; hence k = Card p implies k = dom p by A1,CARD_1:66; thus thesis by A10,CARD_1:66; end; synonym len p; end; definition let p; redefine func dom p -> Subset of NAT; coherence proof A1:dom p = len p by Def1 .={i where i is Nat:i<len p} by AXIOMS:30; {i where i is Nat:i<len p} c= NAT proof let x be set;assume x in {i where i is Nat:i<len p}; then consider i being Nat such that A2:i=x & i<len p; thus x in NAT by A2; end; hence thesis by A1; end; end; theorem (ex k st dom f c= k) implies ex p st f c= p proof given k such that A1: dom f c= k; deffunc _F(set) = f.$1; consider g such that A2: dom g = k & for x st x in k holds g.x = _F(x) from Lambda; reconsider g as XFinSequence by A2,Th7; take g; let x; assume A3: x in f; then consider y,z such that A4: [y,z] = x by RELAT_1:def 1; y in dom f by A3,A4,RELAT_1:def 4; then y in dom g & f.y = z by A1,A2,A3,A4,FUNCT_1:def 4; then [y,g.y] in g & g.y = z by A2,FUNCT_1:8; hence thesis by A4; end; scheme XSeqEx{A()->Nat,P[set,set]}: ex p st dom p = A() & for k st k in A() holds P[k,p.k] provided A1: for k,y1,y2 st k in A() & P[k,y1] & P[k,y2] holds y1=y2 and A2: for k st k in A() ex x st P[k,x] proof defpred _P[set, set] means P[$1,$2]; A3: for x,y1,y2 st x in A() & _P[x,y1] & _P[x,y2] holds y1=y2 proof let x,y1,y2;assume A4:x in A() & _P[x,y1] & _P[x,y2]; A()={i where i is Nat: i<A()} by AXIOMS:30; then consider i being Nat such that A5:i=x & i<A() by A4; thus y1=y2 by A1,A4,A5; end; A6: for x st x in A() ex y st _P[x,y] proof let x;assume A7:x in A(); A()={i where i is Nat: i<A()} by AXIOMS:30; then consider i being Nat such that A8:i=x & i<A() by A7; thus thesis by A2,A7,A8; end; consider f being Function such that A9: dom f = A() & (for x st x in A() holds _P[x,f.x]) from FuncEx(A3,A6); reconsider p=f as XFinSequence by A9,Th7; take p; thus thesis by A9; end; scheme XSeqLambda{A()->Nat,F(set) -> set}: ex p being XFinSequence st len p = A() & for k st k in A() holds p.k=F(k) proof deffunc _F(set) = F($1); consider f being Function such that A1: dom f = A() & for x st x in A() holds f.x=_F(x) from Lambda; reconsider p=f as XFinSequence by A1,Th7; take p; thus thesis by A1,Def1; end; theorem z in p implies ex k st (k in dom p & z=[k,p.k]) proof assume A1: z in p; then consider x,y such that A2: z=[x,y] by RELAT_1:def 1; x in dom p by A1,A2,FUNCT_1:8; then reconsider k = x as Nat; take k; thus thesis by A1,A2,FUNCT_1:8; end; theorem Th10: dom p = dom q & (for k st k in dom p holds p.k = q.k) implies p=q proof assume A1: dom p = dom q & (for k st k in dom p holds p.k = q.k); then for x st x in dom p holds p.x=q.x; hence thesis by A1,FUNCT_1:9; end; theorem ( len p = len q & for k st k < len p holds p.k=q.k ) implies p=q proof assume A1: len p = len q & for k st k<len p holds p.k = q.k; A2: dom p = len p & dom q = len q by Def1; now let x; assume A3: x in dom p; then reconsider k=x as Nat; k < len p by A2,A3,EULER_1:1; hence p.x = q.x by A1; end; hence thesis by A1,A2,FUNCT_1:9; end; theorem Th12: p|n is XFinSequence proof A1: dom(p| n) = dom p /\ n by RELAT_1:90 .= len p /\ n by Def1; len p <= n or n <= len p; then dom(p| n) = len p or dom(p| n) = n by A1,Th2; hence thesis by Th7; end; theorem rng p c= dom f implies f*p is XFinSequence proof assume rng p c= dom f; then dom(f*p) = dom p by RELAT_1:46 .= len p by Def1; hence thesis by Th7; end; theorem k < len p & q = p|k implies len q = k & dom q = k proof assume A1: k < len p & q = p|k; then k c= len p by CARD_1:56; then k c= dom p by Def1; then dom q = k by A1,RELAT_1:91; hence thesis by Def1; end; ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: :: :: XFinSequences of D :: :: :: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: definition let D be set; cluster finite T-Sequence of D; existence proof {} is T-Sequence of D by ORDINAL1:45; hence thesis; end; end; definition let D be set; mode XFinSequence of D is finite T-Sequence of D; end; theorem Th15: for D being set, f being XFinSequence of D holds f is PartFunc of NAT,D proof let D be set, f be XFinSequence of D; A1: dom f c= NAT; rng f c= D by ORDINAL1:def 8; hence thesis by A1,RELSET_1:11; end; definition cluster {} -> T-Sequence-like; coherence by ORDINAL1:45; end; definition let D be set; cluster finite T-Sequence-like PartFunc of NAT,D; existence proof {} is PartFunc of NAT,D by PARTFUN1:56; hence thesis;end; end; reserve D for set; theorem for p being XFinSequence of D holds p|k is XFinSequence of D proof let p be XFinSequence of D; rng(p|k) c= rng p & rng p c= D by ORDINAL1:def 8; then rng(p|k) c= D by XBOOLE_1:1; hence thesis by Th12,ORDINAL1:def 8; end; theorem for D being non empty set ex p being XFinSequence of D st len p = k proof let D be non empty set; consider y being Element of D; deffunc _F(set) = y; consider p such that A1: len p = k & for n st n in k holds p.n=_F(n) from XSeqLambda; rng p c= D proof let z; assume z in rng p; then consider x such that A2: x in dom p & z=p.x by FUNCT_1:def 5; A3: x in len p by A2,Def1; reconsider m = x as Nat by A2; p.m = y by A1,A3; hence z in D by A2; end; then reconsider q=p as XFinSequence of D by ORDINAL1:def 8; take q; thus thesis by A1; end; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: :: :: The Empty XFinSequence :: :: :: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: definition cluster empty XFinSequence; existence by ORDINAL1:45; end; theorem Th18: len p = 0 iff p = {} proof len p = 0 iff p, {} are_equipotent by CARD_1:def 5; hence thesis by CARD_1:46; end; theorem Th19: for D be set holds {} is XFinSequence of D proof let D be set; rng {} c= D by XBOOLE_1:2; hence thesis by ORDINAL1:def 8; end; definition let D be set; cluster empty XFinSequence of D; existence proof {} is XFinSequence of D by Th19; hence thesis; end; end; definition let x; func <%x%> -> set equals :Def2: { [0,x] }; coherence; end; definition let D be set; func <%>D -> empty XFinSequence of D equals {}; coherence by Th19; end; definition let p,q; cluster p^q -> finite; coherence proof dom (p^q) = (dom p)+^dom q by ORDINAL4:def 1; then dom (p^q) is Nat by ORDINAL2:def 21; hence thesis by Th7; end; redefine func p^q means :Def4: dom it = len p + len q & (for k st k in dom p holds it.k=p.k) & (for k st k in dom q holds it.(len p + k) = q.k); compatibility proof let pq be T-Sequence; A1: len p = dom p & len q = dom q by Def1; A2: len p +^ len q = len p + len q by CARD_2:49; hereby assume A3: pq = p^q; hence dom pq = len p + len q by A1,A2,ORDINAL4:def 1; thus for k st k in dom p holds pq.k=p.k by A3,ORDINAL4:def 1; let k; assume k in dom q; then pq.(len p +^ k) = q.k by A1,A3,ORDINAL4:def 1; hence pq.(len p + k) = q.k by CARD_2:49; end; assume that A4: dom pq = len p + len q and A5: (for k st k in dom p holds pq.k=p.k) and A6: (for k st k in dom q holds pq.(len p + k) = q.k); A7: for a be Ordinal st a in dom p holds pq.a = p.a by A5; now let a be Ordinal; assume A8: a in dom q; then reconsider k = a as Nat; thus pq.(dom p +^ a) = pq.(len p + k) by A1,CARD_2:49 .= q.a by A6,A8; end; hence thesis by A1,A2,A4,A7,ORDINAL4:def 1; end; end; theorem Th20: len(p^q) = len p + len q proof dom(p^q) = len p + len q by Def4; hence thesis by Def1; end; theorem Th21: (len p <= k & k < len p + len q) implies (p^q).k=q.(k-len p) proof assume A1:len p <= k & k < len p + len q; then consider m such that A2: len p + m = k by NAT_1:28; A3: m = k - len p by A2,XCMPLX_1:26; k - len p < len p + len q - len p by A1,REAL_1:92; then k - len p < len q by XCMPLX_1:26; then m in len q by A3,EULER_1:1; then m in dom q by Def1; then (p^q).(len p + m)=q.m by Def4; hence thesis by A2,XCMPLX_1:26; end; theorem len p <= k & k < len(p^q) implies (p^q).k = q.(k - len p) proof assume A1: len p <= k & k < len(p^q); then k < len p + len q by Th20; hence thesis by A1,Th21; end; theorem Th23: k in dom (p^q) implies (k in dom p or (ex n st n in dom q & k=len p + n)) proof assume k in dom(p^q); then k in len (p^q) by Def1; then k in (len p + len q) by Th20; then A1: k < len p + len q by EULER_1:1; A2: now assume not len p <= k; then k in len p by EULER_1:1; hence thesis by Def1; end; now assume len p <= k; then consider n such that A3: k=len p + n by NAT_1:28; n + len p - len p < len q + len p - len p by A1,A3,REAL_1:92; then n < len q + len p - len p by XCMPLX_1:26; then n < len q by XCMPLX_1:26; then n in len q by EULER_1:1; then n in dom q by Def1; hence thesis by A3; end; hence thesis by A2; end; theorem Th24: for p,q being T-Sequence holds dom p c= dom(p^q) proof let p,q be T-Sequence; dom(p^q) = (dom p)+^(dom q) by ORDINAL4:def 1; hence thesis by ORDINAL3:27; end; theorem Th25: x in dom q implies ex k st k=x & len p + k in dom(p^q) proof assume A1: x in dom q; then A2: x in len q by Def1; reconsider k=x as Nat by A1; take k; k < len q by A2,EULER_1:1; then len p + k < len p + len q by REAL_1:67; then len p + k in (len p + len q) by EULER_1:1; hence thesis by Def4; end; theorem Th26: k in dom q implies len p + k in dom(p^q) proof assume k in dom q; then ex n st n=k & len p + n in dom(p^q) by Th25; hence thesis; end; theorem Th27: rng p c= rng(p^q) proof now let x; assume x in rng p; then consider y such that A1: y in dom p & x=p.y by FUNCT_1:def 5; reconsider k=y as Nat by A1; A2: k in dom p & dom p c= dom(p^q) by A1,Th24; (p^q).k=p.k by A1,Def4; hence x in rng(p^q) by A1,A2,FUNCT_1:12; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:def 3; end; theorem Th28: rng q c= rng(p^q) proof now let x; assume x in rng q; then consider y such that A1: y in dom q & x=q.y by FUNCT_1:def 5; reconsider k=y as Nat by A1; A2: len p + k in dom(p^q) by A1,Th26; (p^q).(len p + k) = q.k by A1,Def4; hence x in rng(p^q) by A1,A2,FUNCT_1:12; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:def 3; end; theorem Th29: rng(p^q) = rng p \/ rng q proof now let x; assume x in rng(p^q); then consider y such that A1: y in dom(p^q) & x=(p^q).y by FUNCT_1:def 5; A2: y in (len p + len q) by A1,Def4; reconsider k=y as Nat by A1; A3: k < len p + len q by A2,EULER_1:1; A4: now assume A5: len p <= k; then A6: q.(k-len p) = x by A1,A3,Th21; consider m such that A7: len p + m = k by A5,NAT_1:28; A8:m = k-len p by A7,XCMPLX_1:26; m + len p - len p < len p + len q - len p by A3,A7,REAL_1:92; then m < len p + len q - len p by XCMPLX_1:26; then m < len q by XCMPLX_1:26; then m in len q by EULER_1:1; then k-len p in dom q by A8,Def1; hence x in rng q by A6,FUNCT_1:12; end; now assume not len p <= k; then k in len p by EULER_1:1; then A9: k in dom p by Def1; then p.k = x by A1,Def4; hence x in rng p by A9,FUNCT_1:12; end; hence x in rng p \/ rng q by A4,XBOOLE_0:def 2; end; then A10: rng(p^q) c= rng p \/ rng q by TARSKI:def 3; rng p c= rng(p^q) & rng q c= rng(p^q) by Th27,Th28; then (rng p \/ rng q) c= rng(p^q) by XBOOLE_1:8; hence thesis by A10,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; theorem Th30: p^q^r = p^(q^r) proof A1: dom ((p^q)^r) = (len (p^q) + len r) by Def4 .= (len p + len q + len r) by Th20 .= (len p + (len q + len r)) by XCMPLX_1:1 .= (len p + len(q^r)) by Th20; A2: for k st k in dom p holds ((p^q)^r).k=p.k proof let k; assume A3: k in dom p; dom p c= dom(p^q) by Th24; hence (p^q^r).k=(p^q).k by A3,Def4 .=p.k by A3,Def4; end; for k st k in dom(q^r) holds ((p^q)^r).(len p + k)=(q^r).k proof let k; assume A4: k in dom(q^r); A5: now assume A6: k in dom q; then (len p + k) in dom(p^q) by Th26; hence (p^q^r).(len p + k) = (p^q).(len p + k) by Def4 .=q.k by A6,Def4 .=(q^r).k by A6,Def4; end; now assume not k in dom q; then consider n such that A7: n in dom r & k=len q + n by A4,Th23; thus (p^q^r).(len p + k) =(p^q^r).(len p + len q + n) by A7,XCMPLX_1:1 .=(p^q^r).(len(p^q) + n) by Th20 .=r.n by A7,Def4 .=(q^r).k by A7,Def4; end; hence (p^q^r).(len p + k)=(q^r).k by A5; end; hence (p^q)^r=p^(q^r) by A1,A2,Def4; end; theorem p^r = q^r or r^p = r^q implies p = q proof assume A1: p^r = q^r or r^p = r^q; A2: now assume A3: p^r = q^r; then len p + len r = len(q^r) by Th20; then len p + len r = len q + len r by Th20; then len p = len q by XCMPLX_1:2; then A4: dom p = len q by Def1 .= dom q by Def1; for k st k in dom p holds p.k=q.k proof let k; assume A5: k in dom p; hence p.k=(q^r).k by A3,Def4 .=q.k by A4,A5,Def4; end; hence thesis by A4,Th10; end; now assume A6: r^p=r^q; then len r + len p = len(r^q) by Th20 .=len r + len q by Th20; then len p = len q by XCMPLX_1:2; then A7: dom p = len q by Def1 .= dom q by Def1; for k st k in dom p holds p.k=q.k proof let k; assume A8: k in dom p; hence p.k = (r^q).(len r + k) by A6,Def4 .= q.k by A7,A8,Def4; end; hence thesis by A7,Th10; end; hence thesis by A1,A2; end; theorem Th32: p^{} = p & {}^p = p proof A1: dom(p^{}) = len (p^{}) by Def1 .= len p + len {} by Th20 .= len p + 0 by Th18 .= dom p by Def1; thus p^{} = p proof for k st k in dom p holds p.k=(p^{}).k by Def4; hence p^{}=p by A1,Th10; end; A2: dom({}^p) = len ({}^p) by Def1 .= (len {} + len p) by Th20 .= (0 + len p) by Th18 .= dom p by Def1; thus {}^p=p proof for k st k in dom p holds p.k = ({}^p).k proof let k; assume A3: k in dom p; thus ({}^p).k = ({}^p).(0 + k) .=({}^p).(len {} + k) by Th18 .=p.k by A3,Def4; end; hence {}^p=p by A2,Th10; end; end; theorem p^q = {} implies p={} & q={} proof assume p^q={}; then 0 = len (p^q) by Th18 .= len p + len q by Th20; then len p = 0 & len q = 0 by NAT_1:23; hence thesis by Th18; end; definition let D be set;let p,q be XFinSequence of D; redefine func p^q -> T-Sequence of D; coherence proof A1: rng(p^q) = rng p \/ rng q by Th29; rng p c= D & rng q c= D by ORDINAL1:def 8; then rng(p^q) c= D by A1,XBOOLE_1:8; hence thesis by ORDINAL1:def 8; end; end; Lm1: for x1, y1 being set holds [x,y] in {[x1,y1]} implies x = x1 & y = y1 proof let x1, y1 be set; assume [x,y] in {[x1,y1]}; then [x,y] = [x1,y1] by TARSKI:def 1; hence x = x1 & y = y1 by ZFMISC_1:33; end; definition let x; redefine func <%x%> -> Function means :Def5: dom it = 1 & it.0 = x; coherence proof set p = <%x%>; A1: p = {[0,x]} by Def2; then reconsider p as Function by GRFUNC_1:15; dom p = 1 by A1,CARD_5:1,RELAT_1:23; hence thesis; end; compatibility proof let f be Function; hereby assume f = <%x%>; then A2: f = { [0,x] } by Def2; hence dom f = 1 by CARD_5:1,RELAT_1:23; [0,x] in f by A2,TARSKI:def 1; hence f.0 = x by FUNCT_1:8; end; assume A3: dom f = 1 & f.0 = x; reconsider g = { [0,f.0] } as Function by GRFUNC_1:15; f = { [0,f.0] } proof [y,z] in f iff [y,z] in g proof hereby assume [y,z] in f; then y in {0} & z in rng f & rng f = {f.0} by A3,CARD_5:1,FUNCT_1:14,RELAT_1:def 4,def 5; then y = 0 & z = f.0 by TARSKI:def 1; hence [y,z] in g by TARSKI:def 1; end; assume [y,z] in g; then y = 0 & z = f.0 & 0 in dom f by A3,Lm1,CARD_5:1,TARSKI:def 1; hence [y,z] in f by FUNCT_1:def 4; end; hence thesis by RELAT_1:def 2; end; hence thesis by A3,Def2; end; end; definition let x; cluster <%x%> -> Function-like Relation-like; coherence; end; definition let x; cluster <%x%> -> finite T-Sequence-like; coherence proof dom <%x%> = 1 by Def5; hence thesis by AMI_1:21,ORDINAL1:def 7; end; end; theorem p^q is XFinSequence of D implies p is XFinSequence of D & q is XFinSequence of D proof assume p^q is XFinSequence of D; then rng(p^q) c= D by ORDINAL1:def 8; then A1: rng p \/ rng q c= D by Th29; rng p c= rng p \/ rng q by XBOOLE_1:7; then rng p c= D by A1,XBOOLE_1:1; hence p is XFinSequence of D by ORDINAL1:def 8; rng q c= rng p \/ rng q by XBOOLE_1:7; then rng q c= D by A1,XBOOLE_1:1; hence q is XFinSequence of D by ORDINAL1:def 8; end; definition let x,y; func <%x,y%> -> set equals :Def6: <%x%>^<%y%>; correctness; let z; func <%x,y,z%> -> set equals :Def7: <%x%>^<%y%>^<%z%>; correctness; end; definition let x,y; cluster <%x,y%> -> Function-like Relation-like; coherence proof <%x%>^<%y%> = <%x,y%> by Def6; hence thesis; end; let z; cluster <%x,y,z%> -> Function-like Relation-like; coherence proof <%x%>^<%y%>^<%z%> = <%x,y,z%> by Def7; hence thesis; end; end; definition let x,y; cluster <%x,y%> -> finite T-Sequence-like; coherence proof <%x%>^<%y%> = <%x,y%> by Def6; hence thesis; end; let z; cluster <%x,y,z%> -> finite T-Sequence-like; coherence proof <%x%>^<%y%>^<%z%> = <%x,y,z%> by Def7; hence thesis; end; end; theorem <%x%> = { [0,x] } proof for z holds z in <%x%> iff z=[0,x] proof let z; thus z in <%x%> implies z=[0,x] proof assume A1: z in <%x%>; then consider y1,y2 such that A2: [y1,y2]=z by RELAT_1:def 1; A3: y1 in dom <%x%> & y2=<%x%>.y1 by A1,A2,FUNCT_1:8; then A4: y1 in {0} by Def5,CARD_5:1; then y2 = <%x%>.0 by A3,TARSKI:def 1 .= x by Def5; hence z = [0,x] by A2,A4,TARSKI:def 1; end; assume A5: z=[0,x]; 0 in 0+1 by Th1; then A6: 0 in dom <%x%> by Def5; <%x%>.0=x by Def5; hence z in <%x%> by A5,A6,FUNCT_1:8; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:def 1; end; theorem Th36: p=<%x%> iff dom p = 1 & rng p = {x} proof thus p = <%x%> implies dom p = 1 & rng p = {x} proof assume A1: p = <%x%>; hence dom p = 1 by Def5; dom p = {0} by A1,Def5,CARD_5:1; then rng p = {p.0} by FUNCT_1:14; hence thesis by A1,Def5; end; assume A2: dom p = 1 & rng p = {x}; 1=0+1; then 0 in dom p by A2,Th1; then p.0 in {x} by A2,FUNCT_1:12; then p.0 = x by TARSKI:def 1; hence p=<%x%> by A2,Def5; end; theorem Th37: p=<%x%> iff len p = 1 & rng p = {x} proof len p = 1 iff dom p = 1 by Def1; hence thesis by Th36; end; theorem p = <%x%> iff len p = 1 & p.0 = x proof len p = 1 iff dom p = 1 by Def1; hence thesis by Def5; end; theorem (<%x%>^p).0 = x proof 0 in 1 by CARD_5:1,TARSKI:def 1; then 0 in dom <%x%> by Def5; then (<%x%>^p).0 = <%x%>.0 by Def4; hence thesis by Def5; end; theorem (p^<%x%>).(len p)=x proof dom <%x%> = 1 & 1<>0 & 1 = (0+1) by Def5; then 0 in dom <%x%> & len p + 0 = len p by Th1; hence (p^<%x%>).(len p) = <%x%>.0 by Def4 .=x by Def5; end; theorem Th41: <%x,y,z%>=<%x%>^<%y,z%> & <%x,y,z%>=<%x,y%>^<%z%> proof thus <%x,y,z%>=<%x%>^<%y%>^<%z%> by Def7 .=<%x%>^(<%y%>^<%z%>) by Th30 .=<%x%>^<%y,z%> by Def6; thus <%x,y,z%>=<%x%>^<%y%>^<%z%> by Def7 .=<%x,y%>^<%z%> by Def6; end; theorem Th42: p = <%x,y%> iff len p = 2 & p.0=x & p.1=y proof thus p = <%x,y%> implies len p = 2 & p.0=x & p.1=y proof assume A1: p=<%x,y%>; hence len p = len(<%x%>^<%y%>) by Def6 .= len <%x%> + len <%y%> by Th20 .= 1 + len <%y%> by Th37 .= 1 + 1 by Th37 .=2; A2: 0 in {0} by TARSKI:def 1; then A3: 0 in dom <%x%> by Def5,CARD_5:1; thus p.0 = (<%x%>^<%y%>).0 by A1,Def6 .= <%x%>.0 by A3,Def4 .= x by Def5; A4: 0 in dom <%y%> by A2,Def5,CARD_5:1; thus p.1 = (<%x%>^<%y%>).(1+0) by A1,Def6 .= (<%x%>^<%y%>).(len <%x%> + 0) by Th37 .= <%y%>.0 by A4,Def4 .= y by Def5; end; assume A5: len p = 2 & p.0=x & p.1=y; then A6: dom p = (1+1) by Def1 .= (len <%x%> + 1) by Th37 .= (len <%x%> + len <%y%>) by Th37; A7: for k st k in dom <%x%> holds p.k=<%x%>.k proof let k; assume k in dom <%x%>; then k in {0} by Def5,CARD_5:1; then k=0 by TARSKI:def 1; hence p.k = <%x%>.k by A5,Def5; end; for k st k in dom <%y%> holds p.((len <%x%>)+k)=<%y%>.k proof let k; assume k in dom <%y%>; then A8: k in {0} by Def5,CARD_5:1; thus p.((len <%x%>) + k) = p.(1+k) by Th37 .=p.(1+0) by A8,TARSKI:def 1 .=<%y%>.0 by A5,Def5 .= <%y%>.k by A8,TARSKI:def 1; end; hence p=<%x%>^<%y%> by A6,A7,Def4 .= <%x,y%> by Def6; end; theorem p = <%x,y,z%> iff len p = 3 & p.0 = x & p.1 = y & p.2 = z proof thus p = <%x,y,z%> implies len p = 3 & p.0 = x & p.1 = y & p.2 = z proof assume A1: p =<%x,y,z%>; hence len p = len (<%x,y%>^<%z%>) by Th41 .=len <%x,y%> + len <%z%> by Th20 .=2 + len <%z%> by Th42 .=2+1 by Th37 .=3; A2: 0 in {0} by TARSKI:def 1; then A3: 0 in dom <%x%> by Def5,CARD_5:1; thus p.0 = (<%x%>^<%y,z%>).0 by A1,Th41 .=<%x%>.0 by A3,Def4 .=x by Def5; A4: 1 in (1+1) by Th1; len <%x,y%> = 2 by Th42; then A5: 1 in dom <%x,y%> by A4,Def1; thus p.1 = (<%x,y%>^<%z%>).1 by A1,Th41 .=<%x,y%>.1 by A5,Def4 .=y by Th42; A6: 0 in dom <%z%> by A2,Def5,CARD_5:1; thus p.2 = (<%x,y%>^<%z%>).(2+0) by A1,Th41 .=(<%x,y%>^<%z%>).(len (<%x,y%>) + 0) by Th42 .= <%z%>.0 by A6,Def4 .= z by Def5; end; assume A7: len p = 3 & p.0 = x & p.1 = y & p.2 = z; then A8: dom p = (2+1) by Def1 .= ((len <%x,y%>) + 1) by Th42 .= ((len <%x,y%>) + len <%z%>) by Th37; A9: for k st k in dom <%x,y%> holds p.k=<%x,y%>.k proof let k such that A10: k in dom <%x,y%>; len <%x,y%> = 2 by Th42; then A11: k in 2 by A10,Def1; A12: k=0 implies p.k=<%x,y%>.k by A7,Th42; k=1 implies p.k=<%x,y%>.k by A7,Th42; hence thesis by A11,A12,CARD_5:1,TARSKI:def 2; end; for k st k in dom <%z%> holds p.( (len <%x,y%>) + k) = <%z%>.k proof let k; assume k in dom <%z%>; then k in {0} by Def5,CARD_5:1; then A13: k = 0 by TARSKI:def 1; hence p.( (len <%x,y%>) + k) = p.(2+0) by Th42 .=<%z%>.k by A7,A13,Def5; end; hence p=<%x,y%>^<%z%> by A8,A9,Def4 .=<%x,y,z%> by Th41; end; theorem Th44: p <> {} implies ex q,x st p=q^<%x%> proof assume p <> {}; then len p <> 0 by Th18; then consider n such that A1: len p = n+1 by NAT_1:22; reconsider q=p| n as XFinSequence by Th12; take q; take p.(len p - 1); A2: dom q = n proof A3: dom q = dom p /\ n by RELAT_1:90 .= len p /\ n by Def1; n <= len p by A1,NAT_1:29; then n c= len p by CARD_1:56; hence dom q = n by A3,XBOOLE_1:28; end; thus q^<%p.(len p - 1)%>=p proof A4: dom(q^<%p.(len p - 1)%>) = len (q^<%p.(len p - 1)%>) by Def1 .= (len q + len <%p.(len p - 1)%>) by Th20 .= (len q + 1) by Th37 .= len p by A1,A2,Def1 .= dom p by Def1; for x st x in dom p holds p.x = (q^<%p.(len p - 1)%>).x proof let x; assume A5: x in dom p; then reconsider k = x as Nat; k in (n+1) by A1,A5,Def1; then A6: k in n \/ {n} by Th4; A7: now assume A8: k in n; hence p.k=q.k by A2,FUNCT_1:70 .=(q^<%p.(len p - 1)%>).k by A2,A8,Def4; end; now assume A9: k in {n}; 0 in (0+1) by Th1; then A10: 0 in dom <%p.(len p - 1)%> by Def5; thus (q^<%p.(len p - 1)%>).k =(q^<%p.(len p - 1)%>).n by A9,TARSKI:def 1 .=(q^<%p.(len p - 1)%>).(len q + 0) by A2,Def1 .=<%p.(len p - 1)%>.0 by A10,Def4 .=p.(n+1-1) by A1,Def5 .=p.n by XCMPLX_1:26 .=p.k by A9,TARSKI:def 1; end; hence thesis by A6,A7,XBOOLE_0:def 2; end; hence q^<%p.(len p - 1 )%>=p by A4,FUNCT_1:9; end; end; definition let D be non empty set; let x be Element of D; redefine func <%x%> -> XFinSequence of D; coherence proof rng <%x%> c= D proof let y; assume y in rng <%x%>; then y in {x} by Th37; then y = x by TARSKI:def 1; hence y in D; end; hence thesis by ORDINAL1:def 8; end; end; :: scheme of induction for extended finite sequences :: scheme IndXSeq{P[XFinSequence]}: for p holds P[p] provided A1: P[{}] and A2: for p,x st P[p] holds P[p^<%x%>] proof let p; defpred _P[Real] means for p st len p = $1 holds P[p]; consider X being Subset of REAL such that A3: for x being Real holds x in X iff _P[x] from SepReal; for k holds k in X proof defpred _R[Nat] means $1 in X; A4: _R[0] proof for q st len q = 0 holds P[q] by A1,Th18; hence 0 in X by A3; end; now let n such that A5:n in X; now let q; assume A6: len q = n+1; then q <> {} by Th18; then consider r,x such that A7: q=r^<%x%> by Th44; len q = len r + len <%x%> by A7,Th20 .= len r + 1 by Th37; then len r = n + 1 - 1 by A6,XCMPLX_1:26; then len r = n +(1-1) by XCMPLX_1:29; then P[r] by A3,A5; hence P[q] by A2,A7; end; hence n+1 in X by A3; end; then A8: for n st _R[n] holds _R[n+1]; thus for k holds _R[k] from Ind(A4,A8); end; then len p in X; hence P[p] by A3; end; theorem for p,q,r,s being XFinSequence st p^q = r^s & len p <= len r ex t being XFinSequence st p^t = r proof defpred _P[XFinSequence] means for p,q,s st p^q=$1^s & len p <= len $1 holds ex t being XFinSequence st p^t=$1; A1: _P[{}] proof let p,q,s; assume p^q={}^s & len p <= len {}; then len p <= 0 by Th18; then A2: len p = 0 by NAT_1:18; take {}; thus p^{} = p by Th32 .= {} by A2,Th18; end; A3: for r,x st _P[r] holds _P[r^<%x%>] proof let r,x; assume A4: for p,q,s st p^q=r^s & len p <= len r ex t st p^t=r; let p,q,s; assume A5: p^q=(r^<%x%>)^s & len p <= len (r^<%x%>); A6: now assume len p = len(r^<%x%>); then A7: dom p = len(r^<%x%>) by Def1 .= dom(r^<%x%>) by Def1; A8: for k st k in dom p holds p.k=(r^<%x%>).k proof let k; assume A9: k in dom p; hence p.k = (r^<%x%>^s).k by A5,Def4 .=(r^<%x%>).k by A7,A9,Def4; end; p^{} = p by Th32 .=r^<%x%> by A7,A8,Th10; hence thesis; end; now assume len p <> len(r^<%x%>); then len p <> len r + len <%x%> by Th20; then A10: len p <> len r + 1 by Th37; len p <= len r + len <%x%> by A5,Th20; then len p <= len r + 1 by Th37; then A11: len p <= len r by A10,NAT_1:26; p^q=r^(<%x%>^s) by A5,Th30; then consider t being XFinSequence such that A12: p^t = r by A4,A11; p^(t^<%x%>) = r^<%x%> by A12,Th30; hence thesis; end; hence thesis by A6; end; for r holds _P[r] from IndXSeq(A1,A3); hence thesis; end; definition let D be set; func D^omega -> set means :Def8: x in it iff x is XFinSequence of D; existence proof defpred _P[set] means $1 is XFinSequence of D; consider X such that A1: x in X iff x in bool [:NAT,D:] & _P[x] from Separation; take X; let x; thus x in X implies x is XFinSequence of D by A1; assume x is XFinSequence of D; then reconsider p = x as XFinSequence of D; reconsider p as PartFunc of NAT,D by Th15; p c= [:NAT,D:]; hence x in X by A1; end; uniqueness proof defpred P[set] means $1 is XFinSequence of D; thus for X1,X2 being set st (for x being set holds x in X1 iff P[x]) & (for x being set holds x in X2 iff P[x]) holds X1 = X2 from SetEq; end; end; definition let D be set; cluster D^omega -> non empty; coherence proof consider f being XFinSequence of D; f in D^omega by Def8; hence thesis; end; end; theorem x in D^omega iff x is XFinSequence of D by Def8; theorem {} in D^omega proof {} = <%>D; hence {} in D^omega by Def8; end; scheme SepXSeq{D()->non empty set, P[XFinSequence]}: ex X st (for x holds x in X iff ex p st p in D()^omega & P[p] & x=p) proof defpred _P[set] means ex p st P[p] & $1=p; consider Y such that A1: x in Y iff x in D()^omega & _P[x] from Separation; take Y; x in Y implies ex p st p in D()^omega & P[p] & x=p proof assume x in Y; then x in D()^omega & ex p st P[p] & x=p by A1; hence ex p st p in D()^omega & P[p] & x=p; end; hence thesis by A1; end; definition let p be XFinSequence; let i,x be set; cluster p+*(i,x) -> finite T-Sequence-like; coherence proof dom (p+*(i,x)) = dom p by FUNCT_7:32; hence thesis by AMI_1:21,ORDINAL1:def 7; end; redefine func p+*(i,x); synonym Replace(p,i,x); end; theorem for p being XFinSequence, i being Nat, x being set holds len Replace(p,i,x) = len p & (i < len p implies Replace(p,i,x).i = x) & for j being Nat st j <> i holds Replace(p,i,x).j = p.j proof let p be XFinSequence; let i be Nat, x be set; A1: len p = dom p & len (p+*(i,x)) = dom (p+*(i,x)) by Def1; set f = Replace(p,i,x); thus len f = len p by A1,FUNCT_7:32; i < len p implies not dom p c= i by A1,CARD_1:56; then i < len p implies i in dom p by ORDINAL1:26; hence i < len p implies f.i = x by FUNCT_7:33; thus thesis by FUNCT_7:34; end; definition let D be non empty set; let p be XFinSequence of D; let i be Nat, a be Element of D; redefine func Replace(p,i,a) -> XFinSequence of D; coherence proof now per cases; suppose i in dom p; then Replace(p,i,a) = p+*(i.-->a) by FUNCT_7:def 3; then A1: rng Replace(p,i,a) c= rng p \/ rng (i.-->a) by FUNCT_4:18; rng (i.-->a) = {a} by CQC_LANG:5; then rng (i.-->a) c= D & rng p c= D by ORDINAL1:def 8,ZFMISC_1:37; then rng p \/ rng (i.-->a) c= D by XBOOLE_1:8; hence rng Replace(p,i,a) c= D by A1,XBOOLE_1:1; suppose not i in dom p; then Replace(p,i,a) = p by FUNCT_7:def 3; hence rng Replace(p,i,a) c= D by ORDINAL1:def 8; end; hence thesis by ORDINAL1:def 8; end; end;