Copyright (c) 1998 Association of Mizar Users
environ vocabulary EQREL_1, BOOLE, SETFAM_1, TARSKI, CANTOR_1, FUNCT_1, RELAT_1, T_1TOPSP, SUBSET_1, FINSEQ_1, ARYTM_1, LATTICES, PUA2MSS1, PARTIT1; notation TARSKI, XBOOLE_0, ZFMISC_1, SUBSET_1, XCMPLX_0, XREAL_0, NAT_1, RELAT_1, FUNCT_1, FUNCT_2, SETFAM_1, PUA2MSS1, FINSEQ_1, FINSEQ_4, EQREL_1, CANTOR_1, T_1TOPSP; constructors NAT_1, FINSEQ_4, PUA2MSS1, CANTOR_1, T_1TOPSP, XREAL_0, MEMBERED; clusters SUBSET_1, RELSET_1, ARYTM_3, SETFAM_1, MEMBERED, EQREL_1, PARTFUN1; requirements REAL, NUMERALS, BOOLE, SUBSET, ARITHM; definitions TARSKI, RELAT_1; theorems TARSKI, FUNCT_1, SETFAM_1, EQREL_1, AXIOMS, LATTICE4, ZFMISC_1, PUA2MSS1, RELAT_1, MSUALG_5, NAT_1, FINSEQ_1, FINSEQ_2, CQC_THE1, CANTOR_1, FUNCT_2, T_1TOPSP, SUBSET_1, RELSET_1, XBOOLE_0, XBOOLE_1, XCMPLX_1; schemes EQREL_1, NAT_1, ZFREFLE1, COMPLSP1, XBOOLE_0; begin ::Chap. 1 Preliminaries reserve Y,Z for non empty set; reserve PA,PB for a_partition of Y; reserve A,B for Subset of Y; reserve i,j,k for Nat; reserve x,y,z,x1,x2,y1,z0,X,V,a,b,d,t,SFX,SFY for set; theorem Th1:X in PA & V in PA & X c= V implies X=V proof assume A1: X in PA & V in PA & X c= V; then A2: X=V or X misses V by EQREL_1:def 6; consider x being Element of X; X<>{} by A1,EQREL_1:def 6; then x in X; hence X=V by A1,A2,XBOOLE_0:3; end; definition let SFX,SFY; redefine pred SFX is_finer_than SFY; synonym SFX '<' SFY; synonym SFY '>' SFX; end; canceled; theorem Th3: union (SFX \ {{}}) = union SFX proof A1: union (SFX \ {{}}) c= (union SFX) proof let y be set; assume y in union (SFX \ {{}}); then consider z being set such that A2: y in z & z in (SFX \{{} }) by TARSKI:def 4; z in SFX & not z in {{}} by A2,XBOOLE_0:def 4; hence y in union SFX by A2,TARSKI:def 4; end; union SFX c= union (SFX \ {{}}) proof let y be set; assume y in union SFX; then consider X being set such that A3: y in X & X in SFX by TARSKI:def 4; not X in {{}} by A3,TARSKI:def 1; then X in SFX \ {{}} by A3,XBOOLE_0:def 4; hence thesis by A3,TARSKI:def 4; end; hence thesis by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; theorem Th4: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y st PA '>' PB & PB '>' PA holds PB c= PA proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; assume A1: PA '>' PB & PB '>' PA; let x be set;assume A2:x in PB; then consider V such that A3: V in PA & x c= V by A1,SETFAM_1:def 2; consider W being set such that A4: W in PB & V c= W by A1,A3,SETFAM_1:def 2; x c= W by A3,A4,XBOOLE_1:1; then x=W by A2,A4,Th1; hence x in PA by A3,A4,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; theorem Th5: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y st PA '>' PB & PB '>' PA holds PA = PB proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; assume A1: PA '>' PB & PB '>' PA; then A2:PB c= PA by Th4; PA c= PB by A1,Th4; hence PA = PB by A2,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; canceled; theorem Th7: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y st PA '>' PB holds PA is_coarser_than PB proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; assume A1:PA '>' PB; for x being set st x in PA ex y being set st y in PB & y c= x proof let x be set; assume A2:x in PA; then A3:x<>{} by EQREL_1:def 6; consider u being Element of x; A4:u in x by A3; union PB = Y by EQREL_1:def 6; then consider y being set such that A5: u in y & y in PB by A2,A4,TARSKI: def 4; consider z being set such that A6:z in PA & y c= z by A1,A5,SETFAM_1:def 2; x=z or x misses z by A2,A6,EQREL_1:def 6; hence ex y1 being set st y1 in PB & y1 c= x by A3,A5,A6,XBOOLE_0:3; end; hence PA is_coarser_than PB by SETFAM_1:def 3; end; definition let Y;let PA be a_partition of Y,b be set; pred b is_a_dependent_set_of PA means :Def1: ex B being set st B c= PA & B<>{} & b = union B; end; definition let Y;let PA,PB be a_partition of Y,b be set; pred b is_min_depend PA,PB means :Def2: b is_a_dependent_set_of PA & b is_a_dependent_set_of PB & for d being set st d c= b & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds d=b; end; theorem Th8: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y st PA '>' PB holds for b being set st b in PA holds b is_a_dependent_set_of PB proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; assume A1:PA '>' PB; A2:union PB = Y & for A st A in PB holds A<>{} & for B st B in PB holds A = B or A misses B by EQREL_1:def 6; A3: PA is_coarser_than PB by A1,Th7; for b being set st b in PA holds b is_a_dependent_set_of PB proof let b be set; assume A4:b in PA; set B0={x8 where x8 is Element of bool Y: x8 in PB & x8 c= b}; consider xb be set such that A5:xb in PB & xb c= b by A3,A4,SETFAM_1:def 3; A6: xb in B0 by A5; z in B0 implies z in PB proof assume z in B0; then ex x8 being Element of bool Y st x8=z & x8 in PB & x8 c= b; hence thesis; end; then A7:B0 c= PB by TARSKI:def 3; z in b implies z in union B0 proof assume A8:z in b; then consider x1 such that A9:z in x1 & x1 in PB by A2,A4,TARSKI:def 4; consider y1 such that A10:y1 in PA & x1 c= y1 by A1,A9,SETFAM_1:def 2; b = y1 or b misses y1 by A4,A10,EQREL_1:def 6; then x1 in B0 & z in x1 by A8,A9,A10,XBOOLE_0:3; hence z in union B0 by TARSKI:def 4; end; then A11:b c= union B0 by TARSKI:def 3; z in union B0 implies z in b proof assume z in union B0; then consider y such that A12:z in y & y in B0 by TARSKI:def 4; ex x8 being Element of bool Y st x8=y & (x8 in PB & x8 c= b) by A12; hence z in b by A12; end; then union B0 c= b by TARSKI:def 3; then b = union B0 by A11,XBOOLE_0:def 10; hence thesis by A6,A7,Def1; end; hence thesis; end; theorem Th9: for PA being a_partition of Y holds Y is_a_dependent_set_of PA proof let PA be a_partition of Y; {Y} c= bool Y by ZFMISC_1:80; then A1:{Y} is Subset-Family of Y by SETFAM_1:def 7; A2:union {Y} = Y by ZFMISC_1:31; for A st A in {Y} holds A<>{} & for B st B in {Y} holds A = B or A misses B proof let A; assume A3: A in {Y}; then A4:A=Y by TARSKI:def 1; thus A<>{} by A3,TARSKI:def 1; let B; assume B in {Y}; hence thesis by A4,TARSKI:def 1; end; then A5:{Y} is a_partition of Y by A1,A2,EQREL_1:def 6; A6:{Y} '>' PA proof for a being set st a in PA ex b being set st b in {Y} & a c= b proof let a be set; assume A7: a in PA; then A8: a c= Y & a<>{} by EQREL_1:def 6; consider x being Element of a; x in Y by A8,TARSKI:def 3; then consider b being set such that A9: x in b & b in {Y} by A2,TARSKI:def 4; b = Y by A9,TARSKI:def 1; hence thesis by A7,A9; end; hence thesis by SETFAM_1:def 2; end; Y in {Y} by TARSKI:def 1; hence Y is_a_dependent_set_of PA by A5,A6,Th8; end; theorem Th10: for F being Subset-Family of Y st (Intersect(F)<>{} & for X st X in F holds X is_a_dependent_set_of PA) holds (Intersect(F) is_a_dependent_set_of PA) proof let F be Subset-Family of Y; per cases; suppose F={}; then Intersect(F)=Y by CANTOR_1:def 3; hence thesis by Th9; suppose A1:F<>{}; then reconsider F' = F as non empty Subset-Family of Y; assume A2:Intersect(F)<>{} & for X st X in F holds X is_a_dependent_set_of PA; defpred P[set,set] means $2 c= PA & $2<>{} & $1=union $2; A3:for X st X in F holds ex B being set st P[X,B] proof let X; assume X in F; then X is_a_dependent_set_of PA by A2; hence ex B being set st B c= PA & B<>{} & X=union B by Def1; end; consider f being Function such that A4:dom f = F & for X st X in F holds P[X,f.X] from NonUniqFuncEx(A3); rng f c= bool bool Y proof let y be set; assume y in rng f; then consider x being set such that A5:x in dom f & y = f.x by FUNCT_1:def 5; f.x c= PA by A4,A5; then y c= bool Y by A5,XBOOLE_1:1; hence thesis; end; then reconsider f as Function of F', bool bool Y by A4,FUNCT_2:def 1,RELSET_1:11; defpred P[set] means $1 in F; deffunc S(Element of F') = f.$1; reconsider T={S(X) where X is Element of F':P[X]} as Subset of bool bool Y from SubsetFD; reconsider T as Subset-Family of bool Y by SETFAM_1:def 7; take B=Intersect(T); thus B c= PA proof let x; assume A6:x in B; consider X being set such that A7:X in F by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 1; f.X in T by A7; then A8:x in f.X by A6,CANTOR_1:10; f.X c= PA by A4,A7; hence x in PA by A8; end; thus B<>{} proof consider X being set such that A9:X in F by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 1; A10: f.X in T by A9; consider A being set such that A11:A in Intersect(F) by A2,XBOOLE_0:def 1; reconsider A as Element of Y by A11; set AA = EqClass(A,PA); A12: A in meet F by A1,A11,CANTOR_1:def 3; for X st X in T holds AA in X proof let X; assume X in T; then consider z being Element of F' such that A13:X=f.z & z in F; A14:f.z c= PA by A4; A15:z = union (f.z) by A4; A in z by A12,SETFAM_1:def 1; then ex A0 being set st A in A0 & A0 in f.z by A15,TARSKI:def 4; hence AA in X by A13,A14,T_1TOPSP:def 1; end; then EqClass(A,PA) in meet T by A10,SETFAM_1:def 1; hence thesis by A10,CANTOR_1:def 3; end; thus Intersect(F) = union B proof A16:Intersect(F) c= union B proof let x be set; assume A17:x in Intersect(F); then A18: x in meet F by A1,CANTOR_1:def 3; reconsider x as Element of Y by A17; reconsider PA as a_partition of Y; set A = EqClass(x,PA); consider X being set such that A19:X in F by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 1; A20: f.X in T by A19; A21: x in A by T_1TOPSP:def 1; for X st X in T holds A in X proof let X; assume X in T; then consider z being Element of F' such that A22:X=f.z & z in F; A23:f.z c= PA by A4; z = union (f.z) by A4; then x in union (f.z) by A18,SETFAM_1:def 1; then ex A0 being set st x in A0 & A0 in f.z by TARSKI:def 4; hence A in X by A22,A23,T_1TOPSP:def 1; end; then A in meet T by A20,SETFAM_1:def 1; then A in Intersect(T) by A20,CANTOR_1:def 3; hence thesis by A21,TARSKI:def 4; end; union B c= Intersect(F) proof let x be set; assume A24:x in union B; consider X being set such that A25:X in F by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 1; A26: f.X in T by A25; consider y being set such that A27:x in y & y in B by A24,TARSKI:def 4; A28: y in meet T by A26,A27,CANTOR_1:def 3; for X st X in F holds x in X proof let X; assume A29:X in F; then f.X in T; then A30:y in f.X by A28,SETFAM_1:def 1; X = union (f.X) by A4,A29; hence x in X by A27,A30,TARSKI:def 4; end; then x in meet F by A1,SETFAM_1:def 1; hence x in Intersect(F) by A1,CANTOR_1:def 3; end; hence thesis by A16,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; end; theorem Th11: for X0,X1 being Subset of Y st (X0 is_a_dependent_set_of PA & X1 is_a_dependent_set_of PA & X0 meets X1) holds X0 /\ X1 is_a_dependent_set_of PA proof let X0,X1 be Subset of Y; assume A1:X0 is_a_dependent_set_of PA & X1 is_a_dependent_set_of PA & X0 meets X1; then consider A being set such that A2:A c= PA & A<>{} & X0 = union A by Def1; consider B being set such that A3:B c= PA & B<>{} & X1 = union B by A1,Def1; A4:X0 /\ X1 = union (A /\ B) proof A5:X0 /\ X1 c= union (A /\ B) proof let x be set; assume x in (X0 /\ X1); then A6:x in X0 & x in X1 by XBOOLE_0:def 3; then consider y being set such that A7:x in y & y in A by A2,TARSKI:def 4; consider z being set such that A8:x in z & z in B by A3,A6,TARSKI:def 4; A9:y in PA by A2,A7; A10:z in PA by A3,A8; y meets z by A7,A8,XBOOLE_0:3; then y = z by A9,A10,EQREL_1:def 6; then y in A /\ B by A7,A8,XBOOLE_0:def 3; hence x in union (A /\ B) by A7,TARSKI:def 4; end; union (A /\ B) c= X0 /\ X1 proof let x be set; assume x in union (A /\ B); then consider y being set such that A11:x in y & y in (A /\ B) by TARSKI:def 4; y in A & y in B by A11,XBOOLE_0:def 3; then x in X0 & x in X1 by A2,A3,A11,TARSKI:def 4; hence thesis by XBOOLE_0:def 3; end; hence thesis by A5,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; A12:A \/ B c= PA by A2,A3,XBOOLE_1:8; A13:A /\ B c= A by XBOOLE_1:17; A c= A \/ B by XBOOLE_1:7; then A /\ B c= A \/ B by A13,XBOOLE_1:1; then A14:A /\ B c= PA by A12,XBOOLE_1:1; now assume A15: A /\ B={}; consider y being set such that A16:y in X0 & y in X1 by A1,XBOOLE_0:3; thus contradiction by A4,A15,A16,XBOOLE_0:def 3,ZFMISC_1:2; end; hence thesis by A4,A14,Def1; end; theorem Th12: for X being Subset of Y holds X is_a_dependent_set_of PA & X<>Y implies X` is_a_dependent_set_of PA proof let X be Subset of Y; assume A1:X is_a_dependent_set_of PA & X<>Y; then consider B being set such that A2:B c= PA & B<>{} & X=union B by Def1; take PA \ B; A3:(union PA = Y & for A being set st A in PA holds A<>{} & for B being set st B in PA holds A=B or A misses B) by EQREL_1:def 6; then A4:X` = union PA \ union B by A2,SUBSET_1:def 5; reconsider B as Subset of PA by A2; now assume PA \ B={}; then PA c= B by XBOOLE_1:37; hence contradiction by A1,A2,A3,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; hence thesis by A4,T_1TOPSP:3,XBOOLE_1:36; end; theorem Th13: for y being Element of Y ex X being Subset of Y st y in X & X is_min_depend PA,PB proof let y be Element of Y; A1:(union PA = Y & for A being set st A in PA holds A<>{} & for B being set st B in PA holds A=B or A misses B) by EQREL_1:def 6; A2:Y is_a_dependent_set_of PA by Th9; A3:Y is_a_dependent_set_of PB by Th9; defpred P[set] means y in $1 & $1 is_a_dependent_set_of PA & $1 is_a_dependent_set_of PB; deffunc F(Subset of Y) = $1; reconsider XX={F(X) where X is Subset of Y:P[X]} as Subset of bool Y from SubsetFD; reconsider XX as Subset-Family of Y by SETFAM_1:def 7; Y c= Y; then A4: Y in XX by A2,A3; for X1 be set st X1 in XX holds y in X1 proof let X1 be set; assume X1 in XX; then consider X be Subset of Y such that A5:X=X1 & y in X & X is_a_dependent_set_of PA & X is_a_dependent_set_of PB; thus thesis by A5; end; then A6: y in meet XX by A4,SETFAM_1:def 1; then A7:Intersect(XX)<>{} by A4,CANTOR_1:def 3; take Intersect(XX); for X1 be set st X1 in XX holds X1 is_a_dependent_set_of PA proof let X1 be set; assume X1 in XX; then ex X be Subset of Y st X=X1 & y in X & X is_a_dependent_set_of PA & X is_a_dependent_set_of PB; hence thesis; end; then A8:Intersect(XX) is_a_dependent_set_of PA by A7,Th10; for X1 be set st X1 in XX holds X1 is_a_dependent_set_of PB proof let X1 be set; assume X1 in XX; then ex X be Subset of Y st X=X1 & y in X & X is_a_dependent_set_of PA & X is_a_dependent_set_of PB; hence thesis; end; then A9:Intersect(XX) is_a_dependent_set_of PB by A7,Th10; for d being set st d c= Intersect(XX) & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds d=Intersect(XX) proof let d be set; assume A10:d c= Intersect(XX) & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB; then consider Ad being set such that A11:Ad c= PA & Ad<>{} & d = union Ad by Def1; A12:d c= Y by A1,A11,ZFMISC_1:95; per cases; suppose y in d; then A13:d in XX by A10,A12; Intersect(XX) c= d proof let X1 be set; assume X1 in Intersect(XX); then X1 in meet XX by A4,CANTOR_1:def 3; hence X1 in d by A13,SETFAM_1:def 1; end; hence thesis by A10,XBOOLE_0:def 10; suppose A14:not(y in d); reconsider d as Subset of Y by A1,A11,ZFMISC_1:95; d` = Y \ d by SUBSET_1:def 5; then A15:y in d` by A14,XBOOLE_0:def 4; d misses d` by SUBSET_1:44; then A16:d /\ d` = {} by XBOOLE_0:def 7; A17:d <> Y by A14; then A18:d` is_a_dependent_set_of PA by A10,Th12; d` is_a_dependent_set_of PB by A10,A17,Th12; then A19:d` in XX by A15,A18; Intersect(XX) c= d` proof let X1 be set; assume X1 in Intersect(XX); then X1 in meet XX by A4,CANTOR_1:def 3; hence X1 in d` by A19,SETFAM_1:def 1; end; then d /\ Intersect(XX) c= {} by A16,XBOOLE_1:26; then A20:d /\ Intersect(XX) = {} by XBOOLE_1:3; d /\ d c= d /\ Intersect(XX) by A10,XBOOLE_1:26; then A21:union Ad = {} by A11,A20,XBOOLE_1:3; consider ad being set such that A22:ad in Ad by A11,XBOOLE_0:def 1; A23:ad<>{} by A1,A11,A22; A24:ad c= {} by A21,A22,ZFMISC_1:92; ex add being set st add in ad by A23,XBOOLE_0:def 1; hence thesis by A24; end; hence thesis by A4,A6,A8,A9,Def2,CANTOR_1:def 3; end; theorem Th14: for P being a_partition of Y for y being Element of Y ex A being Subset of Y st y in A & A in P proof let P be a_partition of Y; let y be Element of Y; consider R being Equivalence_Relation of Y such that A1: P = Class R by EQREL_1:43; take Class(R,y); thus y in Class(R,y) by EQREL_1:28; thus Class(R,y) in P by A1,EQREL_1:def 5; end; definition let Y be non empty set; cluster -> non empty a_partition of Y; coherence proof let P be a_partition of Y; consider y being Element of Y; consider A being Subset of Y such that A1:y in A & A in P by Th14; thus P is non empty by A1; end; end; definition let Y be set; func PARTITIONS(Y) means :Def3: for x being set holds x in it iff x is a_partition of Y; existence proof defpred P[set] means $1 is a_partition of Y; consider X being set such that A1:for x being set holds x in X iff x in bool bool Y & P[x] from Separation; take X; let x be set; thus x in X implies x is a_partition of Y by A1; assume x is a_partition of Y; hence x in X by A1; end; uniqueness proof let A1,A2 be set such that A2: for x being set holds x in A1 iff x is a_partition of Y and A3: for x being set holds x in A2 iff x is a_partition of Y; now let y be set; y in A1 iff y is a_partition of Y by A2; hence y in A1 iff y in A2 by A3; end; hence A1=A2 by TARSKI:2; end; end; definition let Y be set; cluster PARTITIONS(Y) -> non empty; coherence proof per cases; suppose A1:Y={}; {} c= bool {} by XBOOLE_1:2; then {} is Subset-Family of {} by SETFAM_1:def 7; then {} is a_partition of Y by A1,EQREL_1:def 6; hence thesis by Def3; suppose Y<>{}; then reconsider Y as non empty set; {Y} c= bool Y by ZFMISC_1:80; then A2:{Y} is Subset-Family of Y by SETFAM_1:def 7; A3:union {Y} = Y by ZFMISC_1:31; for A being Subset of Y st A in {Y} holds A<>{} & for B being Subset of Y st B in {Y} holds A = B or A misses B proof let A be Subset of Y; assume A4: A in {Y}; then A5:A=Y by TARSKI:def 1; thus A<>{} by A4,TARSKI:def 1; let B be Subset of Y; assume B in {Y}; hence thesis by A5,TARSKI:def 1; end; then {Y} is a_partition of Y by A2,A3,EQREL_1:def 6; hence thesis by Def3; end; end; begin ::Chap. 2 Join and Meet Operation between Partitions definition let Y;let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; func PA '/\' PB -> a_partition of Y equals :Def4: INTERSECTION(PA,PB) \ {{}}; correctness proof {} c= Y by XBOOLE_1:2; then {{}} c= bool Y by ZFMISC_1:37; then reconsider e = {{}} as Subset-Family of Y by SETFAM_1:def 7; set a = INTERSECTION(PA,PB); a c= bool Y proof for z being set st z in a holds z in bool Y proof let z be set; assume z in a; then ex M,N being set st M in PA & N in PB & z = M /\ N by SETFAM_1:def 5; then z c= Y by XBOOLE_1:108; hence thesis; end; hence thesis by TARSKI:def 3; end; then reconsider a = INTERSECTION(PA,PB) as Subset-Family of Y by SETFAM_1: def 7; reconsider ia = a \ e as Subset-Family of Y by SETFAM_1:def 7; A1: union PA = Y & union PB = Y by EQREL_1:def 6; A2: union ia = union INTERSECTION(PA,PB) by Th3 .= union PA /\ union PB by LATTICE4:2 .= Y by A1; for A being Subset of Y st A in ia holds A<>{} & for B being Subset of Y st B in ia holds A = B or A misses B proof let A be Subset of Y; assume A3: A in ia; then A4: not A in {{}} by XBOOLE_0:def 4; A5: A in INTERSECTION(PA,PB) by A3,XBOOLE_0:def 4; for B being Subset of Y st B in ia holds A = B or A misses B proof A6:for m,n,o,p being set holds (m /\ n) /\ (o /\ p) = m /\ ( n /\ o /\ p) proof let m,n,o,p be set; (m /\ n) /\ (o /\ p) = m /\ ( n /\ (o /\ p) ) by XBOOLE_1:16 .= m /\ ( n /\ o /\ p) by XBOOLE_1:16; hence thesis; end; let B be Subset of Y; assume B in ia; then B in INTERSECTION(PA,PB) by XBOOLE_0:def 4; then consider M,N being set such that A7: M in PA and A8: N in PB and A9: B = M /\ N by SETFAM_1:def 5; consider S,T being set such that A10: S in PA and A11: T in PB and A12: A = S /\ T by A5,SETFAM_1:def 5; (M /\ N = S /\ T) or (not ( M = S) or not ( N = T )); then (M /\ N = S /\ T) or (M misses S or N misses T) by A7,A8,A10,A11,EQREL_1:def 6; then A13: (M /\ N = S /\ T) or ( M /\ S = {} or N /\ T = {}) by XBOOLE_0:def 7; (M /\ S) /\ (N /\ T) = M /\ ( S /\ N /\ T ) by A6 .=( M /\ N ) /\ ( S /\ T ) by A6; hence thesis by A9,A12,A13,XBOOLE_0:def 7; end; hence thesis by A4,TARSKI:def 1; end; hence thesis by A2,EQREL_1:def 6; end; commutativity; end; theorem for PA being a_partition of Y holds PA '/\' PA = PA proof let PA be a_partition of Y; A1: PA '/\' PA = INTERSECTION(PA,PA) \ {{}} by Def4; A2: INTERSECTION(PA,PA) \ {{}} '<' PA proof for u being set st u in INTERSECTION(PA,PA) \ {{}} ex v being set st v in PA & u c= v proof let u be set; assume u in INTERSECTION(PA,PA) \ {{}}; then u in INTERSECTION(PA,PA) by XBOOLE_0:def 4; then consider v,u2 being set such that A3: v in PA and u2 in PA and A4: u = v /\ u2 by SETFAM_1:def 5; take v; thus thesis by A3,A4,XBOOLE_1:17; end; hence thesis by SETFAM_1:def 2; end; PA '<' INTERSECTION(PA,PA) \ {{}} proof for u being set st u in PA ex v being set st v in INTERSECTION(PA,PA) \ {{}} & u c= v proof let u be set; assume A5: u in PA; then A6: u <> {} by EQREL_1:def 6; set v = u /\ u; A7: not v in {{}} by A6,TARSKI:def 1; v in INTERSECTION(PA,PA) by A5,SETFAM_1:def 5; then v in INTERSECTION(PA,PA) \ {{}} by A7,XBOOLE_0:def 4; hence thesis; end; hence thesis by SETFAM_1:def 2; end; hence thesis by A1,A2,Th5; end; theorem for PA,PB,PC being a_partition of Y holds (PA '/\' PB) '/\' PC = PA '/\' (PB '/\' PC) proof let PA ,PB ,PC be a_partition of Y; consider PD,PE being a_partition of Y such that A1: PD = PA '/\' PB and A2: PE = PB '/\' PC; A3: PD '/\' PC '<' PA '/\' PE proof for u being set st u in PD '/\' PC ex v being set st v in PA '/\' PE & u c= v proof let u be set; assume u in PD '/\' PC; then A4: u in INTERSECTION(PD,PC) \ {{}} by Def4; then u in INTERSECTION(PD,PC) by XBOOLE_0:def 4; then consider u1, u2 being set such that A5: u1 in PD and A6: u2 in PC and A7: u = u1 /\ u2 by SETFAM_1:def 5; u1 in INTERSECTION(PA,PB) \ {{}} by A1,A5,Def4; then u1 in INTERSECTION(PA,PB) by XBOOLE_0:def 4; then consider u3, u4 being set such that A8: u3 in PA and A9: u4 in PB and A10: u1 = u3 /\ u4 by SETFAM_1:def 5; consider v, v1,v2 being set such that A11: v1 = u4 /\ u2 and A12: v2 = u3 and A13: v = u3 /\ u4 /\ u2; A14: v = v2 /\ v1 by A11,A12,A13,XBOOLE_1:16; A15: v1 in INTERSECTION(PB,PC) by A6,A9,A11,SETFAM_1:def 5; A16: not u in {{}} by A4,XBOOLE_0:def 4; u = u3 /\ v1 by A7,A10,A11,XBOOLE_1:16; then v1 <> {} by A16,TARSKI:def 1; then not v1 in {{}} by TARSKI:def 1; then v1 in INTERSECTION(PB,PC) \ {{}} by A15,XBOOLE_0:def 4; then v1 in PE by A2,Def4; then v in INTERSECTION(PA,PE) by A8,A12,A14,SETFAM_1:def 5; then A17: v in INTERSECTION(PA,PE) \ {{}} by A7,A10,A13,A16,XBOOLE_0:def 4; take v; thus thesis by A7,A10,A13,A17,Def4; end; hence thesis by SETFAM_1:def 2; end; PA '/\' PE '<' PD '/\' PC proof for u being set st u in PA '/\' PE ex v being set st v in PD '/\' PC & u c= v proof let u be set; assume u in PA '/\' PE; then A18: u in INTERSECTION(PA,PE) \ {{}} by Def4; then u in INTERSECTION(PA,PE) by XBOOLE_0:def 4; then consider u1,u2 being set such that A19: u1 in PA and A20: u2 in PE and A21: u = u1 /\ u2 by SETFAM_1:def 5; u2 in INTERSECTION(PB,PC) \ {{}} by A2,A20,Def4; then u2 in INTERSECTION(PB,PC) by XBOOLE_0:def 4; then consider u3,u4 being set such that A22: u3 in PB and A23: u4 in PC and A24: u2 = u3 /\ u4 by SETFAM_1:def 5; A25: u = u1 /\ u3 /\ u4 by A21,A24,XBOOLE_1:16; consider v, v1,v2 being set such that A26: v1 = u1 /\ u3 and v2 = u4 and A27: v = u1 /\ u3 /\ u4; A28: v1 in INTERSECTION(PA,PB) by A19,A22,A26,SETFAM_1:def 5; A29: not u in {{}} by A18,XBOOLE_0:def 4; then v1 <> {} by A25,A26,TARSKI:def 1; then not v1 in {{}} by TARSKI:def 1; then v1 in INTERSECTION(PA,PB) \ {{}} by A28,XBOOLE_0:def 4; then v1 in PD by A1,Def4; then v in INTERSECTION(PD,PC) by A23,A26,A27,SETFAM_1:def 5; then A30: v in INTERSECTION(PD,PC) \ {{}} by A25,A27,A29,XBOOLE_0:def 4; take v; thus thesis by A21,A24,A27,A30,Def4,XBOOLE_1:16; end; hence thesis by SETFAM_1:def 2; end; hence thesis by A1,A2,A3,Th5; end; theorem Th17: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y holds PA '>' PA '/\' PB proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; thus PA '>' PA '/\' PB proof for u being set st u in PA '/\' PB ex v being set st v in PA & u c= v proof let u be set; assume u in PA '/\' PB; then u in INTERSECTION(PA,PB)\ {{}} by Def4; then u in INTERSECTION(PA,PB) by XBOOLE_0:def 4; then consider u1,u2 being set such that A1: u1 in PA and u2 in PB and A2: u = u1 /\ u2 by SETFAM_1:def 5; take u1; thus thesis by A1,A2,XBOOLE_1:17; end; hence thesis by SETFAM_1:def 2; end; end; definition let Y;let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; func PA '\/' PB -> a_partition of Y means :Def5: for d holds d in it iff d is_min_depend PA,PB; existence proof A1:(union PA = Y & for A being set st A in PA holds A<>{} & for B being set st B in PA holds A=B or A misses B) by EQREL_1:def 6; defpred P[set] means $1 is_min_depend PA,PB; consider X being set such that A2:for d being set holds d in X iff d in bool Y & P[d] from Separation; A3:for d being set holds (d in X) iff (d is_min_depend PA,PB) proof let d be set; for d being set holds (d is_min_depend PA,PB) implies (d in bool Y) proof let d be set; assume d is_min_depend PA,PB; then d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB & for x being set st x c= d & x is_a_dependent_set_of PA & x is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds x=d by Def2; then consider A being set such that A4:A c= PA & A<>{} & d = union A by Def1; d c= union PA by A4,ZFMISC_1:95; hence d in bool Y by A1; end; then (d is_min_depend PA,PB) implies (d is_min_depend PA,PB) & (d in bool Y); hence thesis by A2; end; take X; A5:union X = Y proof A6:Y c= union X proof let y be set; assume y in Y; then consider a being Subset of Y such that A7:y in a & a is_min_depend PA,PB by Th13; a in X by A3,A7; hence thesis by A7,TARSKI:def 4; end; union X c= Y proof let y be set; assume y in union X; then consider a being set such that A8:y in a & a in X by TARSKI:def 4; a is_min_depend PA,PB by A3,A8; then a is_a_dependent_set_of PA & a is_a_dependent_set_of PB & for d being set st d c= a & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds d=a by Def2; then consider A being set such that A9: A c= PA & A<>{} & a = union A by Def1; a c= Y by A1,A9,ZFMISC_1:95; hence y in Y by A8; end; hence thesis by A6,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; A10:for A being Subset of Y st A in X holds A<>{} & for B being Subset of Y st B in X holds A=B or A misses B proof let A be Subset of Y; assume A in X; then A11: A is_min_depend PA,PB by A3; then A12: A is_a_dependent_set_of PA & A is_a_dependent_set_of PB & for d being set st d c= A & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds d=A by Def2; then consider Aa being set such that A13: Aa c= PA & Aa<>{} & A = union Aa by Def1; consider aa being set such that A14:aa in Aa by A13,XBOOLE_0:def 1; A15:aa<>{} by A1,A13,A14; A16:aa c= union Aa by A14,ZFMISC_1:92; ex ax being set st ax in aa by A15,XBOOLE_0:def 1; hence A<>{} by A13,A16; let B be Subset of Y; assume B in X; then A17: B is_min_depend PA,PB by A3; then A18: B is_a_dependent_set_of PA & B is_a_dependent_set_of PB & for d being set st d c= B & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds d=B by Def2; now assume A19:A meets B; then A20:A /\ B is_a_dependent_set_of PA by A12,A18,Th11; A21:A /\ B is_a_dependent_set_of PB by A12,A18,A19,Th11; A /\ B c= A by XBOOLE_1:17; then A22:A /\ B = A by A11,A20,A21,Def2; A23:A c= B proof let x be set; assume x in A; hence x in B by A22,XBOOLE_0:def 3; end; A /\ B c= B by XBOOLE_1:17; then A24:A /\ B = B by A17,A20,A21,Def2; B c= A proof let x be set; assume x in B; hence x in A by A24,XBOOLE_0:def 3; end; hence A=B by A23,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; hence thesis; end; X c= bool Y proof let x be set; assume x in X; then x is_min_depend PA,PB by A3; then x is_a_dependent_set_of PA & x is_a_dependent_set_of PB & for d being set st d c= x & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds d=x by Def2; then consider a being set such that A25: a c= PA & a<>{} & x = union a by Def1; x c= Y by A1,A25,ZFMISC_1:95; hence thesis; end; then reconsider X as Subset-Family of Y by SETFAM_1:def 7; X is a_partition of Y by A5,A10,EQREL_1:def 6; hence thesis by A3; end; uniqueness proof let A1,A2 be a_partition of Y such that A26: for x being set holds x in A1 iff x is_min_depend PA,PB and A27: for x being set holds x in A2 iff x is_min_depend PA,PB; now let y be set; y in A1 iff y is_min_depend PA,PB by A26; hence y in A1 iff y in A2 by A27; end; hence A1=A2 by TARSKI:2; end; commutativity proof let IT,PA,PB be a_partition of Y; A28:now let a be set; assume a is_min_depend PA,PB; then a is_a_dependent_set_of PB & a is_a_dependent_set_of PA & for d being set st d c= a & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA holds d=a by Def2; hence a is_min_depend PB,PA by Def2; end; A29:now let a be set; assume a is_min_depend PB,PA; then a is_a_dependent_set_of PA & a is_a_dependent_set_of PB & for d being set st d c= a & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds d=a by Def2; hence a is_min_depend PA,PB by Def2; end; (for d being set holds (d in a) iff (d is_min_depend PA,PB)) implies (for d being set holds (d in a) iff (d is_min_depend PB,PA)) proof assume A30:for d being set holds (d in a) iff (d is_min_depend PA,PB); let d be set; A31: d in a iff d is_min_depend PA,PB by A30; hence d in a implies d is_min_depend PB,PA by A28; assume d is_min_depend PB,PA; hence d in a by A29,A31; end; hence thesis; end; end; canceled; theorem Th19: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y holds PA '<' PA '\/' PB proof thus PA '<' PA '\/' PB proof for a being set st a in PA ex b being set st b in PA '\/' PB & a c= b proof let a be set; assume A1: a in PA; then A2: a c= Y & a<>{} by EQREL_1:def 6; consider x being Element of a; A3: x in Y by A2,TARSKI:def 3; union (PA '\/' PB) = Y by EQREL_1:def 6; then consider b being set such that A4: x in b & b in PA '\/' PB by A3,TARSKI:def 4; b is_min_depend PA,PB by A4,Def5; then b is_a_dependent_set_of PA by Def2; then consider B being set such that A5:B c= PA & B<>{} & b = union B by Def1; a in B proof consider u being set such that A6: x in u & u in B by A4,A5,TARSKI:def 4; a /\ u <> {} by A2,A6,XBOOLE_0:def 3; then A7: not (a misses u) by XBOOLE_0:def 7; u in PA by A5,A6; hence thesis by A1,A6,A7,EQREL_1:def 6; end; then a c= b by A5,ZFMISC_1:92; hence thesis by A4; end; hence thesis by SETFAM_1:def 2; end; end; theorem for PA being a_partition of Y holds PA '\/' PA = PA proof let PA be a_partition of Y; A1:PA '<' PA '\/' PA by Th19; PA '\/' PA '<' PA proof for a being set st a in PA '\/' PA ex b being set st b in PA & a c= b proof let a be set; assume A2: a in PA '\/' PA; then A3: a is_min_depend PA,PA by Def5; then a is_a_dependent_set_of PA & for d being set st d c= a & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA holds d=a by Def2; then consider B being set such that A4:B c= PA & B<>{} & a = union B by Def1; A5: a c= Y & a <> {} by A2,EQREL_1:def 6; consider x being Element of a; x in a by A5; then x in Y by A2; then x in union PA by EQREL_1:def 6; then consider b being set such that A6: x in b & b in PA by TARSKI:def 4; b in B proof consider u being set such that A7: x in u & u in B by A4,A5,TARSKI:def 4; b /\ u <> {} by A6,A7,XBOOLE_0:def 3; then A8: not (b misses u) by XBOOLE_0:def 7; u in PA by A4,A7; hence thesis by A6,A7,A8,EQREL_1:def 6; end; then A9:b c= a by A4,ZFMISC_1:92; b is_a_dependent_set_of PA by A6,Th8; then a = b by A3,A9,Def2; hence thesis by A6; end; hence thesis by SETFAM_1:def 2; end; hence thesis by A1,Th5; end; theorem Th21: for PA,PC being a_partition of Y st PA '<' PC & x in PC & z0 in PA & t in x & t in z0 holds z0 c= x proof let PA,PC be a_partition of Y; assume A1:PA '<' PC & x in PC & z0 in PA & t in x & t in z0; then consider b such that A2:b in PC & z0 c= b by SETFAM_1:def 2; x = b or x misses b by A1,A2,EQREL_1:def 6; hence z0 c= x by A1,A2,XBOOLE_0:3; end; theorem for PA,PB being a_partition of Y st x in (PA '\/' PB) & z0 in PA & t in x & t in z0 holds z0 c= x proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; assume A1:x in (PA '\/' PB) & z0 in PA & t in x & t in z0; PA '<' PA '\/' PB by Th19; hence z0 c= x by A1,Th21; end; begin ::Chap. 3 Partitions and Equivalence Relations theorem Th23: for PA being a_partition of Y ex RA being Equivalence_Relation of Y st for x,y holds [x,y] in RA iff ex A st A in PA & x in A & y in A proof let PA be a_partition of Y; A1: union PA = Y & for A st A in PA holds A<>{} & for B st B in PA holds A = B or A misses B by EQREL_1:def 6; ex RA being Equivalence_Relation of Y st for x,y holds [x,y] in RA iff ex A st A in PA & x in A & y in A proof defpred P[set,set] means ex A st A in PA & $1 in A & $2 in A; A2: for x st x in Y holds P[x,x] proof let x; assume x in Y; then ex Z being set st x in Z & Z in PA by A1,TARSKI:def 4; then consider Z such that A3: x in Z & Z in PA; reconsider A = Z as Subset of Y by A3; take A; thus thesis by A3; end; A4: for x,y st P[x,y] holds P[y,x]; A5: for x,y,z st P[x,y] & P[y,z] holds P[x,z] proof let x,y,z; given A such that A6: A in PA & x in A & y in A; given B such that A7: B in PA & y in B & z in B; A = B or A misses B by A6,A7,EQREL_1:def 6; hence thesis by A6,A7,XBOOLE_0:3; end; consider RA being Equivalence_Relation of Y such that A8: for x,y holds [x,y] in RA iff x in Y & y in Y & P[x,y] from Ex_Eq_Rel(A2,A4,A5); take RA; thus thesis by A8; end; hence thesis; end; definition let Y; let PA be a_partition of Y; func ERl PA -> Equivalence_Relation of Y means :Def6: for x1,x2 being set holds [x1,x2] in it iff ex A st A in PA & x1 in A & x2 in A; existence by Th23; uniqueness proof let f1,f2 be Equivalence_Relation of Y such that A1: for x1,x2 being set holds [x1,x2] in f1 iff ex A st A in PA & x1 in A & x2 in A and A2: for x1,x2 being set holds [x1,x2] in f2 iff ex A st A in PA & x1 in A & x2 in A; let x1,x2 be set; [x1,x2] in f1 iff ex A st A in PA & x1 in A & x2 in A by A1; hence thesis by A2; end; end; definition let Y; defpred P[set,set] means ex PA st PA = $1 & $2 = ERl PA; A1: for x st x in PARTITIONS(Y) ex z st P[x,z] proof let x; assume x in PARTITIONS(Y); then reconsider x as a_partition of Y by Def3; take ERl x; thus thesis; end; func Rel(Y) -> Function means dom it = PARTITIONS(Y) & for x st x in PARTITIONS(Y) ex PA st PA = x & it.x = ERl PA; existence proof thus ex f being Function st dom f = PARTITIONS(Y) & for x st x in PARTITIONS(Y) holds P[x,f.x] from NonUniqFuncEx(A1); end; uniqueness proof let f1,f2 be Function such that A2: dom f1 = PARTITIONS(Y) and A3: for x st x in PARTITIONS(Y) ex PA st PA = x & f1.x = ERl PA and A4: dom f2 = PARTITIONS(Y) and A5: for x st x in PARTITIONS(Y) ex PA st PA = x & f2.x = ERl PA; for z st z in PARTITIONS(Y) holds f1.z = f2.z proof let x; assume A6: x in PARTITIONS(Y); then A7: ex PA st PA = x & f1.x = ERl PA by A3; ex PA st PA = x & f2.x = ERl PA by A5,A6; hence thesis by A7; end; hence thesis by A2,A4,FUNCT_1:9; end; end; theorem Th24: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y holds PA '<' PB iff ERl(PA) c= ERl(PB) proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; set RA = ERl PA, RB = ERl PB; hereby assume A1: PA '<' PB; for x1,x2 being set holds [x1,x2] in RA implies [x1,x2] in RB proof let x1,x2 be set; assume [x1,x2] in RA; then consider A being Subset of Y such that A2: A in PA & x1 in A & x2 in A by Def6; (ex y st y in PB & A c= y) by A1,A2,SETFAM_1:def 2; hence thesis by A2,Def6; end; hence ERl(PA) c= ERl(PB) by RELAT_1:def 3; end; assume A3: ERl(PA) c= ERl(PB); for x st x in PA ex y st y in PB & x c= y proof let x; assume A4:x in PA; then A5:x<>{} by EQREL_1:def 6; consider x0 being Element of x; set y={z where z is Element of Y:[x0,z] in ERl(PB)}; A6:x c= y proof let x1; assume A7: x1 in x; then [x0,x1] in RA by A4,Def6; hence x1 in y by A3,A4,A7; end; consider x1 being Element of x; [x0,x1] in RA by A4,A5,Def6; then consider B being Subset of Y such that A8:B in PB & x0 in B & x1 in B by A3,Def6; y=B proof A9:y c= B proof let x2; assume x2 in y; then consider z being Element of Y such that A10:z=x2 & ([x0,z] in ERl(PB)); consider B2 being Subset of Y such that A11:B2 in PB & x0 in B2 & x2 in B2 by A10,Def6; B2 meets B by A8,A11,XBOOLE_0:3; hence x2 in B by A8,A11,EQREL_1:def 6; end; B c= y proof let x2; assume A12: x2 in B; then [x0,x2] in RB by A8,Def6; hence thesis by A12; end; hence y=B by A9,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; hence ex y st y in PB & x c= y by A6,A8; end; hence PA '<' PB by SETFAM_1:def 2; end; theorem Th25: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y,p0,x,y being set, f being FinSequence of Y st p0 c= Y & x in p0 & f.1=x & f.len f=y & 1 <= len f & (for i st 1<=i & i<len f ex p2,p3,u being set st p2 in PA & p3 in PB & f.i in p2 & u in p2 & u in p3 & f.(i+1) in p3) & p0 is_a_dependent_set_of PA & p0 is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds y in p0 proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y, p0,x,y be set, f be FinSequence of Y; assume A1:p0 c= Y & x in p0 & f.1=x & f.len f=y & 1 <= len f & (for i st 1<=i & i<len f ex p2,p3,u being set st p2 in PA & p3 in PB & f.i in p2 & u in p2 & u in p3 & f.(i+1) in p3) & p0 is_a_dependent_set_of PA & p0 is_a_dependent_set_of PB; then consider A1 being set such that A2:A1 c= PA & A1<>{} & p0 = union A1 by Def1; consider B1 being set such that A3:B1 c= PB & B1<>{} & p0 = union B1 by A1,Def1; A4:(union PA = Y & for A being set st A in PA holds A<>{} & for B being set st B in PA holds A=B or A misses B) by EQREL_1:def 6; A5:(union PB = Y & for A being set st A in PB holds A<>{} & for B being set st B in PB holds A=B or A misses B) by EQREL_1:def 6; for k st 1 <= k & k <= len f holds f.k in p0 proof defpred P[Nat] means 1 <= $1 & $1 <= len f implies f.$1 in p0; A6: P[0]; A7: for k st P[k] holds P[k+1] proof let k; assume A8: P[k]; assume A9: 1<=k+1 & k+1<=len f; then A10: k < len f by NAT_1:38; 1 <= k or 1 = k + 1 by A9,NAT_1:26; then A11: 1 <= k or 1 - 1 = k by XCMPLX_1:26; now per cases by A11; suppose A12:1 <= k; then consider p2,p3,u being set such that A13:p2 in PA & p3 in PB & f.k in p2 & u in p2 & u in p3 & f.(k+1) in p3 by A1,A10; consider A being set such that A14:f.k in A & A in PA by A1,A4,A8,A9,A12,NAT_1:38,TARSKI:def 4; A15: p2=A or p2 misses A by A13,A14,EQREL_1:def 6; consider a being set such that A16:f.k in a & a in A1 by A2,A8,A9,A12,NAT_1:38,TARSKI:def 4; a=p2 or a misses p2 by A2,A4,A13,A16; then A17: A c= p0 by A2,A13,A14,A15,A16,XBOOLE_0:3,ZFMISC_1:92; consider B being set such that A18:u in B & B in PB by A13; A19: p3=B or p3 misses B by A13,A18,EQREL_1:def 6; consider b being set such that A20:u in b & b in B1 by A3,A13,A14,A15,A17,TARSKI:def 4,XBOOLE_0:3; p3=b or p3 misses b by A3,A5,A13,A20; then B c= p0 by A3,A13,A18,A19,A20,XBOOLE_0:3,ZFMISC_1:92; hence f.(k+1) in p0 by A13,A18,A19,XBOOLE_0:3; suppose 0 = k; hence f.(k+1) in p0 by A1; end; hence f.(k+1) in p0; end; thus P[k] from Ind(A6,A7); end; hence y in p0 by A1; end; theorem Th26: for R1,R2 being Equivalence_Relation of Y,f being FinSequence of Y, x,y being set st x in Y & y in Y & f.1=x & f.len f=y & 1 <= len f & (for i st 1<=i & i<len f ex u being set st u in Y & [f.i,u] in (R1 \/ R2) & [u,f.(i+1)] in (R1 \/ R2)) holds [x,y] in (R1 "\/" R2) proof let R1,R2 be Equivalence_Relation of Y,f be FinSequence of Y, x,y be set; assume A1:x in Y & y in Y & f.1=x & f.len f=y & 1 <= len f & (for i st 1<=i & i<len f ex u being set st u in Y & [f.i,u] in R1 \/ R2 & [u,f.(i+1)] in R1 \/ R2); for i st 1 <= i & i <= len f holds [f.1,f.i] in (R1 "\/" R2) proof defpred P[Nat] means 1<=$1 & $1<=len f implies [f.1,f.$1] in R1 "\/" R2; A2: P[0]; A3: for i st P[i] holds P[i+1] proof let i; assume A4: P[i]; assume A5: 1 <= i + 1 & i + 1 <= len f; then A6: i < len f by NAT_1:38; 1 <= i or 1 = i + 1 by A5,NAT_1:26; then A7:1 <= i or 1 - 1 = i by XCMPLX_1:26; A8: R1 \/ R2 c= R1 "\/" R2 by EQREL_1:def 3; now per cases by A7; suppose A9: 1 <= i; then consider u being set such that A10:u in Y & [f.i,u] in R1 \/ R2 & [u,f.(i+1)] in R1 \/ R2 by A1,A6; reconsider u as Element of Y by A10; A11:dom f = Seg len f by FINSEQ_1:def 3; then i in dom f by A6,A9,FINSEQ_1:3; then reconsider f1=f.i as Element of Y by FINSEQ_2:13; (i+1) in dom f by A5,A11,FINSEQ_1:3; then reconsider f2=f.(i+1) as Element of Y by FINSEQ_2:13; reconsider p = <*f1,u,f2*> as FinSequence of Y; A12:len p = 3 & p.1 = f.i & p.2 = u & p.3 = f.(i+1) by FINSEQ_1:62; for j st 1 <= j & j < len p holds [p.j,p.(j+1)] in (R1 \/ R2) proof let j; assume 1 <= j & j < len p; then 1 <= j & j < 2+1 by FINSEQ_1:62; then 1 <= j & j <= 2 by NAT_1:38; then 1 <= j & (j = 0 or j = 1 or j = 2) by CQC_THE1:3; hence [p.j,p.(j+1)] in (R1 \/ R2) by A10,A12; end; then [f.i,f.(i+1)] in R1 "\/" R2 by A12,EQREL_1:36; hence [f.1,f.(i+1)] in R1 "\/" R2 by A4,A5,A9,EQREL_1:13,NAT_1:38; suppose A13: 0 = i; [f.1,f.1] in R1 by A1,EQREL_1:11; then [f.1,f.1] in R1 \/ R2 by XBOOLE_0:def 2; hence [f.1,f.(i+1)] in R1 "\/" R2 by A8,A13; end; hence [f.1,f.(i+1)] in R1 "\/" R2; end; thus P[i] from Ind(A2,A3); end; hence thesis by A1; end; theorem Th27: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y holds ERl(PA '\/' PB) = ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB) proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; A1: PA is_finer_than (PA '\/' PB) by Th19; A2: PB is_finer_than (PA '\/' PB) by Th19; A3:(union PA = Y & for A being set st A in PA holds A<>{} & for B being set st B in PA holds A=B or A misses B) by EQREL_1:def 6; A4:(union PB = Y & for A being set st A in PB holds A<>{} & for B being set st B in PB holds A=B or A misses B) by EQREL_1:def 6; A5:ERl(PA '\/' PB) c= (ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB)) proof let x,y be set; assume [x,y] in ERl(PA '\/' PB); then consider p0 being Subset of Y such that A6:p0 in (PA '\/' PB) & x in p0 & y in p0 by Def6; A7: p0 is_min_depend PA,PB by A6,Def5; then A8:p0 is_a_dependent_set_of PA & p0 is_a_dependent_set_of PB & for d being set st d c= p0 & d is_a_dependent_set_of PA & d is_a_dependent_set_of PB holds d=p0 by Def2; then consider A1 being set such that A9:A1 c= PA & A1<>{} & p0 = union A1 by Def1; consider a being set such that A10:x in a & a in A1 by A6,A9,TARSKI:def 4; reconsider Ca={ p where p is Element of PA: ex f being FinSequence of Y st 1<=len f & f.1=x & f.len f in p & for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2) } as set; reconsider pb=union Ca as set; reconsider Cb={ p where p is Element of PB: ex q being set st q in Ca & p /\ q <> {} } as set; reconsider x' = x as Element of Y by A6; reconsider fx=<*x'*> as FinSequence of Y; A11:fx.1=x by FINSEQ_1:def 8; then A12:fx.len fx in a by A10,FINSEQ_1:57; A13:1<=len fx by FINSEQ_1:57; for i st 1<=i & i<len fx holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & fx.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & fx.(i+1) in p2) by FINSEQ_1:57; then A14:a in Ca by A9,A10,A11,A12,A13; then consider y5 being set such that A15:x in y5 & y5 in Ca by A10; consider z5 being set such that A16:x' in z5 & z5 in PB by A4,TARSKI:def 4; y5 /\ z5 <> {} by A15,A16,XBOOLE_0:def 3; then A17:z5 in Cb by A15,A16; A18:pb is_a_dependent_set_of PA proof Ca c= PA proof let z be set; assume z in Ca; then ex p being Element of PA st z=p & (ex f being FinSequence of Y st 1<=len f & f.1=x & f.len f in p & for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2)); hence thesis; end; hence thesis by A14,Def1; end; A19:pb = union Cb proof A20:pb c= union Cb proof let x1 be set; assume x1 in pb; then consider y being set such that A21:x1 in y & y in Ca by TARSKI:def 4; consider p being Element of PA such that A22:y=p & (ex f being FinSequence of Y st 1<=len f & f.1=x & f.len f in p & for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2)) by A21; consider z being set such that A23:x1 in z & z in PB by A4,A21,A22,TARSKI:def 4; y /\ z <> {} by A21,A23,XBOOLE_0:def 3; then x1 in z & z in Cb by A21,A23; hence x1 in union Cb by TARSKI:def 4; end; union Cb c= pb proof let x1 be set; assume x1 in union Cb; then consider y1 being set such that A24:x1 in y1 & y1 in Cb by TARSKI:def 4; consider p being Element of PB such that A25:y1=p & (ex q being set st q in Ca & p /\ q <> {}) by A24; consider q being set such that A26:q in Ca & y1 /\ q <> {} by A25; consider pd being set such that A27:x1 in pd & pd in PA by A3,A24,A25,TARSKI:def 4; consider pp being Element of PA such that A28:q=pp & (ex f being FinSequence of Y st 1<=len f & f.1=x & f.len f in pp & for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2)) by A26; consider fd being FinSequence of Y such that A29:1<=len fd & fd.1=x & fd.len fd in q & for i st 1<=i & i<len fd holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & fd.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & fd.(i+1) in p2) by A28; reconsider x1 as Element of Y by A24,A25; reconsider f=fd^<*x1*> as FinSequence of Y; len f = len fd + len <*x1*> by FINSEQ_1:35; then A30:len f = len fd + 1 by FINSEQ_1:57; 1+1<=len fd + 1 by A29,AXIOMS:24; then A31:1<=len f by A30,AXIOMS:22; A32:(fd^<*x1*>).(len fd + 1)=x1 by FINSEQ_1:59; A33:f.(len fd + 1) in y1 by A24,FINSEQ_1:59; y1 meets q by A26,XBOOLE_0:def 7; then consider z0 being set such that A34:z0 in y1 & z0 in q by XBOOLE_0:3; A35:z0 in (y1 /\ q) by A34,XBOOLE_0:def 3; A36:dom fd = Seg len fd by FINSEQ_1:def 3; A37:for k being Nat st 1 <= k & k <= len fd holds f.k=fd.k proof let k be Nat; assume 1 <= k & k <= len fd; then k in dom fd by A36,FINSEQ_1:3; hence thesis by FINSEQ_1:def 7; end; then A38:f.1=x by A29; A39: f.len fd in q by A29,A37; A40:for i st 1<=i & i<len fd holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2) proof let i; assume A41:1<=i & i<len fd; then A42:f.i = fd.i by A37; 1<=(i+1) & (i+1)<=len fd by A41,NAT_1:38; then f.(i+1) = fd.(i+1) by A37; hence thesis by A29,A41,A42; end; for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2) proof let i; assume 1<=i & i<len f; then A43:1<=i & i<= len fd by A30,NAT_1:38; now per cases by A43,AXIOMS:21; case 1<=i & i<len fd; hence thesis by A40; case 1<=i & i=len fd; hence thesis by A25,A28,A33,A35,A39; end; hence thesis; end; then pd in Ca by A27,A30,A31,A32,A38; hence thesis by A27,TARSKI:def 4; end; hence thesis by A20,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; A44:pb is_a_dependent_set_of PB proof Cb c= PB proof let z be set; assume z in Cb; then ex p being Element of PB st z=p & (ex q being set st q in Ca & p /\ q <> {}); hence thesis; end; hence thesis by A17,A19,Def1; end; now assume not pb c= p0; then pb \ p0 <> {} by XBOOLE_1:37; then consider x1 being set such that A45:x1 in (pb \ p0) by XBOOLE_0:def 1; A46:x1 in pb & not x1 in p0 by A45,XBOOLE_0:def 4; then consider y1 being set such that A47:x1 in y1 & y1 in Cb by A19,TARSKI:def 4; consider p being Element of PB such that A48:y1=p & (ex q being set st q in Ca & p /\ q <> {}) by A47; consider q being set such that A49:q in Ca & y1 /\ q <> {} by A48; consider pp being Element of PA such that A50:q=pp & (ex f being FinSequence of Y st 1<=len f & f.1=x & f.len f in pp & for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2)) by A49; consider fd being FinSequence of Y such that A51:1<=len fd & fd.1=x & fd.len fd in q & for i st 1<=i & i<len fd holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & fd.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & fd.(i+1) in p2) by A50; reconsider x1 as Element of Y by A47,A48; reconsider f=fd^<*x1*> as FinSequence of Y; len f = len fd + len <*x1*> by FINSEQ_1:35; then A52:len f = len fd + 1 by FINSEQ_1:57; 1+1<=len fd + 1 by A51,AXIOMS:24; then A53:1<=len f by A52,AXIOMS:22; A54:(fd^<*x1*>).(len fd + 1)=x1 by FINSEQ_1:59; A55:f.(len fd + 1) in y1 by A47,FINSEQ_1:59; y1 meets q by A49,XBOOLE_0:def 7; then consider z0 being set such that A56:z0 in y1 & z0 in q by XBOOLE_0:3; A57:z0 in (y1 /\ q) by A56,XBOOLE_0:def 3; A58:dom fd = Seg len fd by FINSEQ_1:def 3; A59:for k being Nat st 1 <= k & k <= len fd holds f.k=fd.k proof let k be Nat; assume 1 <= k & k <= len fd; then k in dom fd by A58,FINSEQ_1:3; hence thesis by FINSEQ_1:def 7; end; then A60:f.1=x by A51; A61: f.len fd in q by A51,A59; A62:for i st 1<=i & i<len fd holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2) proof let i; assume A63:1<=i & i<len fd; then A64:f.i = fd.i by A59; 1<=(i+1) & (i+1)<=len fd by A63,NAT_1:38; then f.(i+1) = fd.(i+1) by A59; hence thesis by A51,A63,A64; end; A65:for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2) proof let i; assume 1<=i & i<len f; then A66:1<=i & i<= len fd by A52,NAT_1:38; now per cases by A66,AXIOMS:21; case 1<=i & i<len fd; hence thesis by A62; case 1<=i & i=len fd; hence thesis by A48,A50,A55,A57,A61; end; hence thesis; end; for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in p1 & x0 in p2 & f.(i+1) in p2) proof let i; assume 1<=i & i<len f; then consider p1,p2,x0 being set such that A67:p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2 by A65; x0 in p1 & x0 in p2 by A67,XBOOLE_0:def 3; hence thesis by A67; end; hence contradiction by A6,A8,A46,A52,A53,A54,A60,Th25; end; then y in pb by A6,A7,A18,A44,Def2; then consider y1 being set such that A68:y in y1 & y1 in Cb by A19,TARSKI:def 4; consider p being Element of PB such that A69:y1=p & (ex q being set st q in Ca & p /\ q <> {}) by A68; consider q being set such that A70:q in Ca & y1 /\ q <> {} by A69; consider pd being set such that A71:y in pd & pd in PA by A3,A68,A69,TARSKI:def 4; consider pp being Element of PA such that A72:q=pp & (ex f being FinSequence of Y st 1<=len f & f.1=x & f.len f in pp & for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2)) by A70; consider fd being FinSequence of Y such that A73:1<=len fd & fd.1=x & fd.len fd in q & for i st 1<=i & i<len fd holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & fd.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & fd.(i+1) in p2) by A72; reconsider y' = y as Element of Y by A6; reconsider f=fd^<*y'*> as FinSequence of Y; A74: len f = len fd + len <*y'*> by FINSEQ_1:35; then A75:len f = len fd + 1 by FINSEQ_1:57; then A76: 1+1<=len f by A73,AXIOMS:24; A77:(fd^<*y'*>).(len fd + 1)=y by FINSEQ_1:59; A78:f.(len fd + 1) in y1 by A68,FINSEQ_1:59; y1 meets q by A70,XBOOLE_0:def 7; then consider z0 being set such that A79:z0 in y1 & z0 in q by XBOOLE_0:3; A80:z0 in (y1 /\ q) by A79,XBOOLE_0:def 3; A81: dom fd = Seg len fd by FINSEQ_1:def 3; A82:for k being Nat st 1 <= k & k <= len fd holds f.k=fd.k proof let k be Nat; assume 1 <= k & k <= len fd; then k in dom fd by A81,FINSEQ_1:3; hence thesis by FINSEQ_1:def 7; end; then A83: f.len fd in q by A73; A84:for i st 1<=i & i<len fd holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2) proof let i; assume A85:1<=i & i<len fd; then A86:f.i = fd.i by A82; 1<=(i+1) & (i+1)<=len fd by A85,NAT_1:38; then f.(i+1) = fd.(i+1) by A82; hence thesis by A73,A85,A86; end; A87:for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2) proof let i; assume 1<=i & i<len f; then A88:1<=i & i<= len fd by A75,NAT_1:38; now per cases by A88,AXIOMS:21; case 1<=i & i<len fd; hence thesis by A84; case 1<=i & i=len fd; hence thesis by A69,A72,A78,A80,A83; end; hence thesis; end; then A89:1<=len f & f.1=x & f.len f in pd & for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex p1,p2,x0 being set st p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & x0 in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2) by A71,A73,A74,A76,A77,A82,AXIOMS:22,FINSEQ_1:57; for i st 1<=i & i<len f holds (ex u being set st u in Y & [f.i,u] in (ERl(PA) \/ ERl(PB)) & [u,f.(i+1)] in (ERl(PA) \/ ERl(PB))) proof let i; assume 1<=i & i<len f; then consider p1,p2,u being set such that A90:p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & u in (p1 /\ p2) & f.(i+1) in p2 by A87; A91:p1 in PA & p2 in PB & f.i in p1 & u in p1 & u in p2 & f.(i+1) in p2 by A90,XBOOLE_0:def 3; reconsider x2=f.i as set; reconsider y2=f.(i+1) as set; A92:[x2,u] in ERl(PA) by A91,Def6; A93:[u,y2] in ERl(PB) by A91,Def6; A94:ERl(PA) c= ERl(PA) \/ ERl(PB) by XBOOLE_1:7; ERl(PB) c= ERl(PA) \/ ERl(PB) by XBOOLE_1:7; hence thesis by A91,A92,A93,A94; end; then [x',y'] in (ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB)) by A75,A77,A89,Th26; hence [x,y] in (ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB)); end; for x1,x2 being set st [x1,x2] in (ERl(PA) \/ ERl(PB)) holds [x1,x2] in ERl(PA '\/' PB) proof let x1,x2 be set; assume [x1,x2] in (ERl(PA) \/ ERl(PB)); then [x1,x2] in ERl(PA) or [x1,x2] in ERl(PB) by XBOOLE_0:def 2; then A95:(ex A being Subset of Y st A in PA & x1 in A & x2 in A) or (ex B being Subset of Y st B in PB & x1 in B & x2 in B) by Def6; now per cases by A95; case (x1 in Y & x2 in Y & ex A being Subset of Y st A in PA & x1 in A & x2 in A); then consider A being Subset of Y such that A96:A in PA & x1 in A & x2 in A; ex y st y in (PA '\/' PB) & A c= y by A1,A96,SETFAM_1:def 2; hence [x1,x2] in ERl(PA '\/' PB) by A96,Def6; case (x1 in Y & x2 in Y & ex B being Subset of Y st B in PB & x1 in B & x2 in B); then consider B being Subset of Y such that A97:B in PB & x1 in B & x2 in B; ex y st y in (PA '\/' PB) & B c= y by A2,A97,SETFAM_1:def 2; hence [x1,x2] in ERl(PA '\/' PB) by A97,Def6; end; hence [x1,x2] in ERl(PA '\/' PB); end; then (ERl(PA) \/ ERl(PB)) c= ERl(PA '\/' PB) by RELAT_1:def 3; then (ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB)) c= ERl(PA '\/' PB) by EQREL_1:def 3; hence ERl(PA '\/' PB)=(ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB)) by A5,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; theorem Th28: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y holds ERl(PA '/\' PB) = ERl(PA) /\ ERl(PB) proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; A1:PA '>' PA '/\' PB & PB '>' PA '/\' PB by Th17; for x1,x2 being set holds [x1,x2] in ERl(PA '/\' PB) iff [x1,x2] in (ERl(PA) /\ ERl(PB)) proof let x1,x2 be set; hereby assume [x1,x2] in ERl(PA '/\' PB); then consider C being Subset of Y such that A2:C in (PA '/\' PB) & x1 in C & x2 in C by Def6; consider A being set such that A3:A in PA & C c= A by A1,A2,SETFAM_1:def 2; consider B being set such that A4:B in PB & C c= B by A1,A2,SETFAM_1:def 2; [x1,x2] in ERl(PA) & [x1,x2] in ERl(PB) by A2,A3,A4,Def6; hence [x1,x2] in (ERl(PA) /\ ERl(PB)) by XBOOLE_0:def 3; end; assume [x1,x2] in (ERl(PA) /\ ERl(PB)); then A5: [x1,x2] in ERl(PA) & [x1,x2] in ERl(PB) by XBOOLE_0:def 3; then consider A being Subset of Y such that A6:A in PA & x1 in A & x2 in A by Def6; consider B being Subset of Y such that A7:B in PB & x1 in B & x2 in B by A5,Def6; A8:A /\ B <> {} by A6,A7,XBOOLE_0:def 3; consider C being Subset of Y such that A9:C = A /\ B; A10:C in INTERSECTION(PA,PB) by A6,A7,A9,SETFAM_1:def 5; not C in {{}} by A8,A9,TARSKI:def 1; then C in INTERSECTION(PA,PB) \ {{}} by A10,XBOOLE_0:def 4; then A11:C in (PA '/\' PB) by Def4; A12:x1 in C by A6,A7,A9,XBOOLE_0:def 3; x2 in C by A6,A7,A9,XBOOLE_0:def 3; hence [x1,x2] in ERl(PA '/\' PB) by A11,A12,Def6; end; hence ERl(PA '/\' PB)=ERl(PA) /\ ERl(PB) by RELAT_1:def 2; end; theorem Th29: for PA,PB being a_partition of Y st ERl(PA) = ERl(PB) holds PA = PB proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; assume ERl(PA)=ERl(PB); then PA '<' PB & PB '<' PA by Th24; hence PA=PB by Th5; end; theorem for PA,PB,PC being a_partition of Y holds (PA '\/' PB) '\/' PC = PA '\/' (PB '\/' PC) proof let PA,PB,PC be a_partition of Y; ERl((PA '\/' PB) '\/' PC) = ERl(PA '\/' PB) "\/" ERl(PC) by Th27 .= (ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB)) "\/" ERl(PC) by Th27 .= ERl(PA) "\/" (ERl(PB) "\/" ERl(PC)) by MSUALG_5:1 .= ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB '\/' PC) by Th27 .= ERl(PA '\/' (PB '\/' PC)) by Th27; hence (PA '\/' PB) '\/' PC = PA '\/' (PB '\/' PC) by Th29; end; theorem for PA,PB being a_partition of Y holds PA '/\' (PA '\/' PB) = PA proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; A1:ERl(PA '/\' (PA '\/' PB)) = ERl(PA) /\ ERl(PA '\/' PB) by Th28; ERl(PA) /\ ERl(PA '\/' PB) = ERl(PA) /\ (ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB)) by Th27; then ERl(PA '/\' (PA '\/' PB)) = ERl(PA) by A1,EQREL_1:24; hence PA '/\' (PA '\/' PB) = PA by Th29; end; theorem for PA,PB being a_partition of Y holds PA '\/' (PA '/\' PB) = PA proof let PA,PB be a_partition of Y; A1:ERl(PA '\/' (PA '/\' PB)) = ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PA '/\' PB) by Th27; ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PA '/\' PB) = ERl(PA) "\/" (ERl(PA) /\ ERl(PB)) by Th28; then ERl(PA '\/' (PA '/\' PB)) = ERl(PA) by A1,EQREL_1:25; hence PA '\/' (PA '/\' PB) = PA by Th29; end; theorem Th33: for PA,PB,PC being a_partition of Y st PA '<' PC & PB '<' PC holds PA '\/' PB '<' PC proof let PA,PB,PC be a_partition of Y; assume A1:PA '<' PC & PB '<' PC; then A2:ERl(PA) c= ERl(PC) by Th24; A3:ERl(PB) c= ERl(PC) by A1,Th24; A4:ERl(PA '\/' PB) = ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB) by Th27; ERl(PA) \/ ERl(PB) c= ERl(PC) by A2,A3,XBOOLE_1:8; then ERl(PA) "\/" ERl(PB) c= ERl(PC) by EQREL_1:def 3; hence thesis by A4,Th24; end; theorem for PA,PB,PC being a_partition of Y st PA '>' PC & PB '>' PC holds PA '/\' PB '>' PC proof let PA,PB,PC be a_partition of Y; assume A1:PA '>' PC & PB '>' PC; then A2:ERl(PC) c= ERl(PA) by Th24; A3:ERl(PC) c= ERl(PB) by A1,Th24; ERl(PA '/\' PB) = ERl(PA) /\ ERl(PB) by Th28; then ERl(PC) c= ERl(PA '/\' PB) by A2,A3,XBOOLE_1:19; hence thesis by Th24; end; definition let Y; redefine func SmallestPartition Y; synonym %I(Y); end; definition let Y; canceled; func %O(Y) -> a_partition of Y equals :Def9: {Y}; correctness proof {Y} c= bool Y by ZFMISC_1:80; then A1:{Y} is Subset-Family of Y by SETFAM_1:def 7; A2:union {Y} = Y by ZFMISC_1:31; for A st A in {Y} holds A<>{} & for B st B in {Y} holds A = B or A misses B proof let A; assume A3: A in {Y}; then A4:A=Y by TARSKI:def 1; thus A<>{} by A3,TARSKI:def 1; let B; assume B in {Y}; hence thesis by A4,TARSKI:def 1; end; hence thesis by A1,A2,EQREL_1:def 6; end; end; theorem %I(Y)={B:ex x being set st B={x} & x in Y} proof set B0={B:ex x being set st B={x} & x in Y}; A1:%I(Y) c= B0 proof let a be set; assume a in %I(Y); then a in {{x} where x is Element of Y: not contradiction} by PUA2MSS1:13; then consider x be Element of Y such that A2:a={x}; reconsider y=x as Element of Y; reconsider B={y} as Subset of Y by ZFMISC_1:37; a=B by A2; hence a in B0; end; B0 c= %I(Y) proof let x1; assume x1 in B0; then consider B such that A3:x1=B & (ex x being set st B={x} & x in Y); consider x being set such that A4:x1={x} & x in Y by A3; x1 in {{z} where z is Element of Y: not contradiction} by A4; hence x1 in %I(Y) by PUA2MSS1:13; end; hence thesis by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; theorem Th36:for PA being a_partition of Y holds %O(Y) '>' PA & PA '>' %I(Y) proof let PA be a_partition of Y; A1: for a being set st a in PA ex b being set st b in %O(Y) & a c= b proof let a be set; assume a in PA; then A2: a c= Y & a<>{} by EQREL_1:def 6; consider x being Element of a; A3: x in Y by A2,TARSKI:def 3; union %O(Y) = Y by EQREL_1:def 6; then consider b being set such that A4: x in b & b in %O(Y) by A3,TARSKI:def 4; %O(Y) = {Y} by Def9; then a c= b by A2,A4,TARSKI:def 1; hence thesis by A4; end; for a being set st a in %I(Y) ex b being set st b in PA & a c= b proof let a be set; assume A5:a in %I(Y); then a in {{x} where x is Element of Y: not contradiction} by PUA2MSS1:13; then consider x be Element of Y such that A6:a={x}; A7: a c= Y & a<>{} by A5,EQREL_1:def 6; consider u being Element of a; A8:u=x by A6,TARSKI:def 1; A9: u in Y by A7,TARSKI:def 3; union PA = Y by EQREL_1:def 6; then consider b being set such that A10: u in b & b in PA by A9,TARSKI:def 4; a c= b proof let x1; assume x1 in a; hence thesis by A6,A8,A10,TARSKI:def 1; end; hence thesis by A10; end; hence thesis by A1,SETFAM_1:def 2; end; theorem Th37: ERl(%O(Y)) = nabla Y proof A1:ERl(%O(Y)) c= nabla Y proof let x1,x2 be set; assume [x1,x2] in ERl(%O(Y)); then [x1,x2] in [:Y,Y:]; hence [x1,x2] in nabla Y by EQREL_1:def 1; end; nabla Y c= ERl(%O(Y)) proof let x1,x2 be set; assume A2: [x1,x2] in nabla Y; Y in {Y} by TARSKI:def 1; then Y in %O(Y) & x1 in Y & x2 in Y by A2,Def9,ZFMISC_1:106; hence [x1,x2] in ERl(%O(Y)) by Def6; end; hence thesis by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; theorem Th38: ERl(%I(Y)) = id Y proof A1:union %I(Y)=Y by EQREL_1:def 6; A2:ERl(%I(Y)) c= id Y proof let x1,x2 be set; assume [x1,x2] in ERl(%I(Y)); then consider a being Subset of Y such that A3:a in %I(Y) & x1 in a & x2 in a by Def6; %I(Y) = {{x} where x is Element of Y: not contradiction} by PUA2MSS1:13; then consider x be Element of Y such that A4:a={x} by A3; A5:x1=x by A3,A4,TARSKI:def 1; x2=x by A3,A4,TARSKI:def 1; hence [x1,x2] in id Y by A5,RELAT_1:def 10; end; id Y c= ERl(%I(Y)) proof let x1,x2 be set; assume [x1,x2] in id Y; then A6: x1 in Y & x1=x2 by RELAT_1:def 10; then ex y being set st x1 in y & y in %I(Y) by A1,TARSKI:def 4; hence [x1,x2] in ERl(%I(Y)) by A6,Def6; end; hence thesis by A2,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; theorem %I(Y) '<' %O(Y) proof ERl(%O(Y)) = nabla Y by Th37 .= [:Y,Y:] by EQREL_1:def 1; then ERl(%I(Y)) c= ERl(%O(Y)); hence thesis by Th24; end; theorem for PA being a_partition of Y holds %O(Y) '\/' PA = %O(Y) & %O(Y) '/\' PA = PA proof let PA be a_partition of Y; thus %O(Y) '\/' PA = %O(Y) proof A1:ERl(%O(Y) '\/' PA) = ERl(%O(Y)) "\/" ERl(PA) by Th27; ERl(%O(Y)) = nabla Y by Th37; then ERl(%O(Y)) \/ ERl(PA) = ERl(%O(Y)) by MSUALG_5:4; then ERl(%O(Y)) c= ERl(%O(Y)) "\/" ERl(PA) by EQREL_1:def 3; then A2:%O(Y) '<' %O(Y) '\/' PA by A1,Th24; %O(Y) '>' PA '\/' %O(Y) by Th36; hence thesis by A2,Th5; end; thus %O(Y) '/\' PA = PA proof A3:ERl(%O(Y) '/\' PA) = ERl(%O(Y)) /\ ERl(PA) by Th28; ERl(%O(Y)) = nabla Y by Th37; then ERl(%O(Y) '/\' PA) = ERl(PA) by A3,EQREL_1:18; hence %O(Y) '/\' PA = PA by Th29; end; end; theorem for PA being a_partition of Y holds %I(Y) '\/' PA = PA & %I(Y) '/\' PA = %I(Y) proof let PA be a_partition of Y; thus %I(Y) '\/' PA = PA proof A1:ERl(%I(Y) '\/' PA) = ERl(%I(Y)) "\/" ERl(PA) by Th27; A2:ERl(%I(Y)) = id Y by Th38; A3:ERl(%I(Y)) \/ ERl(PA) c= ERl(%I(Y)) "\/" ERl(PA) by EQREL_1:def 3; A4:ERl(%I(Y)) \/ ERl(PA) = id Y \/ ERl(PA) by Th38; %I(Y) '<' PA by Th36; then A5:ERl(%I(Y)) c= ERl(PA) by Th24; id Y \/ ERl(PA) = ERl(PA) proof for z being set st z in id Y \/ ERl(PA) holds z in ERl PA proof let z be set; assume A6: z in id Y \/ ERl(PA); now per cases by A6,XBOOLE_0:def 2; case z in id Y; hence thesis by A2,A5; case z in ERl(PA); hence thesis; end; hence thesis; end; then A7:id Y \/ ERl(PA) c= ERl(PA) by TARSKI:def 3; ERl(PA) c= id Y \/ ERl(PA) by XBOOLE_1:7; hence thesis by A7,XBOOLE_0:def 10; end; then A8:PA '<' %I(Y) '\/' PA by A1,A3,A4,Th24; %I(Y) '<' PA by Th36; then %I(Y) '\/' PA '<' PA by Th33; hence %I(Y) '\/' PA = PA by A8,Th5; end; thus %I(Y) '/\' PA = %I(Y) proof ERl(%I(Y) '/\' PA) = ERl(%I(Y)) /\ ERl(PA) by Th28 .= id Y /\ ERl(PA) by Th38 .= id Y by EQREL_1:17 .= ERl(%I(Y)) by Th38; hence thesis by Th29; end; end;