:: The Steinitz Theorem and the Dimension of a Real Linear Space :: by JingChao Chen :: :: Received July 1, 1997 :: Copyright (c) 1997-2021 Association of Mizar Users :: (Stowarzyszenie Uzytkownikow Mizara, Bialystok, Poland). :: This code can be distributed under the GNU General Public Licence :: version 3.0 or later, or the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike :: License version 3.0 or later, subject to the binding interpretation :: detailed in file COPYING.interpretation. :: See COPYING.GPL and COPYING.CC-BY-SA for the full text of these :: licenses, or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html and :: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. environ vocabularies NUMBERS, RLVECT_1, RLSUB_1, SUBSET_1, RLVECT_2, RLVECT_3, TARSKI, CARD_3, XBOOLE_0, ARYTM_1, ARYTM_3, SUPINF_2, FUNCT_1, CARD_1, FINSEQ_1, STRUCT_0, FUNCT_2, RELAT_1, VALUED_1, NAT_1, PARTFUN1, ORDINAL4, CLASSES1, FINSET_1, XXREAL_0, FINSEQ_4, RLSUB_2, RLVECT_5; notations TARSKI, XBOOLE_0, ENUMSET1, SUBSET_1, CARD_1, ORDINAL1, NUMBERS, XCMPLX_0, REAL_1, RELAT_1, FUNCT_1, PARTFUN1, FUNCT_2, NAT_1, FINSET_1, FINSEQ_1, FINSEQ_3, FINSEQ_4, DOMAIN_1, STRUCT_0, CLASSES1, RLVECT_1, RLVECT_2, RLSUB_1, RLSUB_2, RLVECT_3, XXREAL_0; constructors PARTFUN1, XXREAL_0, REAL_1, NAT_1, FINSEQ_3, FINSEQ_4, REALSET1, RFINSEQ, RLSUB_2, RLVECT_2, CLASSES1, RLVECT_3, RELSET_1; registrations XBOOLE_0, SUBSET_1, RELAT_1, FUNCT_1, ORDINAL1, FUNCT_2, FINSET_1, NUMBERS, NAT_1, FINSEQ_1, STRUCT_0, RLVECT_3, CARD_1, RELSET_1, RLVECT_2, XREAL_0; requirements REAL, NUMERALS, BOOLE, SUBSET, ARITHM; begin :: Preliminaries reserve V for RealLinearSpace, W for Subspace of V, x, y, y1, y2 for set, i, n for Element of NAT, v for VECTOR of V, KL1, KL2 for Linear_Combination of V, X for Subset of V; theorem :: RLVECT_5:1 X is linearly-independent & Carrier(KL1) c= X & Carrier(KL2) c= X & Sum(KL1) = Sum(KL2) implies KL1 = KL2; theorem :: RLVECT_5:2 for V being RealLinearSpace, A being Subset of V st A is linearly-independent holds ex I being Basis of V st A c= I; theorem :: RLVECT_5:3 for L being Linear_Combination of V, x being VECTOR of V holds x in Carrier L iff ex v st x = v & L.v <> 0; :: More On Linear Combinations theorem :: RLVECT_5:4 for L being Linear_Combination of V for F, G being FinSequence of the carrier of V for P being Permutation of dom F st G = F*P holds Sum(L (#) F) = Sum(L (#) G); theorem :: RLVECT_5:5 for L being Linear_Combination of V for F being FinSequence of the carrier of V st Carrier(L) misses rng F holds Sum(L (#) F) = 0.V; theorem :: RLVECT_5:6 for F being FinSequence of the carrier of V st F is one-to-one for L being Linear_Combination of V st Carrier(L) c= rng F holds Sum(L (#) F) = Sum(L); theorem :: RLVECT_5:7 for L being Linear_Combination of V for F being FinSequence of the carrier of V holds ex K being Linear_Combination of V st Carrier(K) = rng F /\ Carrier(L) & L (#) F = K (#) F; theorem :: RLVECT_5:8 for L being Linear_Combination of V for A being Subset of V for F being FinSequence of the carrier of V st rng F c= the carrier of Lin(A) holds ex K being Linear_Combination of A st Sum(L (#) F) = Sum(K); theorem :: RLVECT_5:9 for L being Linear_Combination of V for A being Subset of V st Carrier(L) c= the carrier of Lin(A) holds ex K being Linear_Combination of A st Sum(L) = Sum(K); theorem :: RLVECT_5:10 for L being Linear_Combination of V st Carrier(L) c= the carrier of W for K being Linear_Combination of W st K = L|the carrier of W holds Carrier(L) = Carrier(K) & Sum(L) = Sum(K); theorem :: RLVECT_5:11 for K being Linear_Combination of W holds ex L being Linear_Combination of V st Carrier(K) = Carrier(L) & Sum(K) = Sum(L); theorem :: RLVECT_5:12 for L being Linear_Combination of V st Carrier(L) c= the carrier of W holds ex K being Linear_Combination of W st Carrier(K) = Carrier(L) & Sum( K) = Sum (L); :: More On Linear Independence & Basis theorem :: RLVECT_5:13 for I being Basis of V, v being VECTOR of V holds v in Lin(I); theorem :: RLVECT_5:14 for A being Subset of W st A is linearly-independent holds A is linearly-independent Subset of V; theorem :: RLVECT_5:15 for A being Subset of V st A is linearly-independent & A c= the carrier of W holds A is linearly-independent Subset of W; theorem :: RLVECT_5:16 for A being Basis of W ex B being Basis of V st A c= B; theorem :: RLVECT_5:17 for A being Subset of V st A is linearly-independent for v being VECTOR of V st v in A for B being Subset of V st B = A \ {v} holds not v in Lin (B); theorem :: RLVECT_5:18 for I being Basis of V for A being non empty Subset of V st A misses I for B being Subset of V st B = I \/ A holds B is linearly-dependent; theorem :: RLVECT_5:19 for A being Subset of V st A c= the carrier of W holds Lin(A) is Subspace of W; theorem :: RLVECT_5:20 for A being Subset of V, B being Subset of W st A = B holds Lin( A) = Lin(B); begin :: Steinitz Theorem :: Exchange Lemma theorem :: RLVECT_5:21 for A, B being finite Subset of V for v being VECTOR of V st v in Lin(A \/ B) & not v in Lin(B) holds ex w being VECTOR of V st w in A & w in Lin(A \/ B \ {w} \/ {v}); :: Steinitz Theorem theorem :: RLVECT_5:22 for A, B being finite Subset of V st the RLSStruct of V = Lin(A) & B is linearly-independent holds card B <= card A & ex C being finite Subset of V st C c= A & card C = card A - card B & the RLSStruct of V = Lin(B \/ C); begin :: Finite-Dimensional Vector Spaces definition let V be RealLinearSpace; attr V is finite-dimensional means :: RLVECT_5:def 1 ex A being finite Subset of V st A is Basis of V; end; registration cluster strict finite-dimensional for RealLinearSpace; end; theorem :: RLVECT_5:23 V is finite-dimensional implies for I being Basis of V holds I is finite; theorem :: RLVECT_5:24 V is finite-dimensional implies for A being Subset of V st A is linearly-independent holds A is finite; theorem :: RLVECT_5:25 V is finite-dimensional implies for A, B being Basis of V holds card A = card B; theorem :: RLVECT_5:26 (0).V is finite-dimensional; theorem :: RLVECT_5:27 V is finite-dimensional implies W is finite-dimensional; registration let V be RealLinearSpace; cluster finite-dimensional strict for Subspace of V; end; registration let V be finite-dimensional RealLinearSpace; cluster -> finite-dimensional for Subspace of V; end; registration let V be finite-dimensional RealLinearSpace; cluster strict for Subspace of V; end; begin :: Dimension of a Vector Space definition let V be RealLinearSpace; assume V is finite-dimensional; func dim V -> Element of NAT means :: RLVECT_5:def 2 for I being Basis of V holds it = card I; end; reserve V for finite-dimensional RealLinearSpace, W, W1, W2 for Subspace of V, u, v for VECTOR of V; theorem :: RLVECT_5:28 dim W <= dim V; theorem :: RLVECT_5:29 for A being Subset of V st A is linearly-independent holds card A = dim Lin(A); theorem :: RLVECT_5:30 dim V = dim (Omega).V; theorem :: RLVECT_5:31 dim V = dim W iff (Omega).V = (Omega).W; theorem :: RLVECT_5:32 dim V = 0 iff (Omega).V = (0).V; theorem :: RLVECT_5:33 dim V = 1 iff ex v st v <> 0.V & (Omega).V = Lin{v}; theorem :: RLVECT_5:34 dim V = 2 iff ex u, v st u <> v & {u, v} is linearly-independent & (Omega).V = Lin{u, v}; theorem :: RLVECT_5:35 dim(W1 + W2) + dim(W1 /\ W2) = dim W1 + dim W2; theorem :: RLVECT_5:36 dim(W1 /\ W2) >= dim W1 + dim W2 - dim V; theorem :: RLVECT_5:37 V is_the_direct_sum_of W1, W2 implies dim V = dim W1 + dim W2; theorem :: RLVECT_5:38 n <= dim V iff ex W being strict Subspace of V st dim W = n; definition let V be finite-dimensional RealLinearSpace, n be Element of NAT; func n Subspaces_of V -> set means :: RLVECT_5:def 3 for x being object holds x in it iff ex W being strict Subspace of V st W = x & dim W = n; end; theorem :: RLVECT_5:39 n <= dim V implies n Subspaces_of V is non empty; theorem :: RLVECT_5:40 dim V < n implies n Subspaces_of V = {}; theorem :: RLVECT_5:41 n Subspaces_of W c= n Subspaces_of V;