The Mizar article:

\Tzero\ Topological Spaces

by
Mariusz Zynel, and
Adam Guzowski

Received May 6, 1994

Copyright (c) 1994 Association of Mizar Users

MML identifier: T_0TOPSP
[ MML identifier index ]


environ

 vocabulary RELAT_1, FUNCT_1, PRE_TOPC, TOPS_2, EQREL_1, RELAT_2, BORSUK_1,
      SUBSET_1, TARSKI, BOOLE, METRIC_1, RFINSEQ, ORDINAL2, T_0TOPSP, PARTFUN1;
 notation TARSKI, XBOOLE_0, SUBSET_1, RFINSEQ, RELAT_2, RELSET_1, RELAT_1,
      FUNCT_1, STRUCT_0, PARTFUN1, FUNCT_2, PRE_TOPC, TOPS_2, BORSUK_1,
      EQREL_1;
 constructors RFINSEQ, RELAT_2, TOPS_2, BORSUK_1, MEMBERED, PARTFUN1, XBOOLE_0;
 clusters BORSUK_1, RELSET_1, STRUCT_0, PRE_TOPC, SUBSET_1, MEMBERED, ZFMISC_1,
      PARTFUN1, FUNCT_2, XBOOLE_0;
 requirements SUBSET, BOOLE;
 definitions TOPS_2, RELAT_2;
 theorems RFINSEQ, FUNCT_1, FUNCT_2, EQREL_1, RELAT_1, TOPS_2, PRE_TOPC,
      BORSUK_1, TARSKI, ZFMISC_1, RELSET_1, XBOOLE_0, ORDERS_1, RELAT_2,
      PARTFUN1;
 schemes FUNCT_2, RELSET_1;

begin
::
::    Preliminaries
::

theorem Th1:
for A,B being non empty set,
    R1,R2 being Relation of A,B st
  for x being Element of A, y being Element of B holds
   [x,y] in R1 iff [x,y] in R2
    holds R1 = R2
proof
  let A,B be non empty set;
  let R1,R2 be Relation of A,B;
  assume A1: for x being Element of A, y being Element of B holds
     [x,y] in R1 iff [x,y] in R2;

  for a,b being set holds [a,b] in R1 iff [a,b] in R2
  proof
    let a,b be set;
    hereby assume A2: [a,b] in R1;
      then reconsider a'=a as Element of A by ZFMISC_1:106;
      reconsider b'=b as Element of B by A2,ZFMISC_1:106;
        [a',b'] in R2 by A1,A2;
      hence [a,b] in R2;
    end;

    assume A3: [a,b] in R2;
    then reconsider a'=a as Element of A by ZFMISC_1:106;
    reconsider b'=b as Element of B by A3,ZFMISC_1:106;
      [a',b'] in R1 by A1,A3;
    hence [a,b] in R1;
  end;

  hence R1=R2 by RELAT_1:def 2;
end;

theorem Th2:
for X,Y being non empty set,
    f being Function of X,Y holds
  for A being Subset of X st
    for x1,x2 being Element of X holds (x1 in A & f.x1=f.x2) implies x2 in A
      holds f"(f.:A) = A
proof
  let X,Y be non empty set;
  let f be Function of X,Y;
  let A be Subset of X;
  assume A1: for x1,x2 being Element of X holds
                 (x1 in A & f.x1=f.x2) implies x2 in A;
A2:  A c= f"(f.:A) by FUNCT_2:50;

    for x being set st x in f"(f.:A) holds x in A
  proof
    let x be set;
    assume A3: x in f"(f.:A);
  then x in dom f & f.x in f.:A by FUNCT_1:def 13;
    then consider x0 being set such that
  A4:  x0 in X & x0 in A & f.x = f.x0 by FUNCT_2:115;
    thus thesis by A1,A3,A4;
  end;
  then f"(f.:A) c= A by TARSKI:def 3;
  hence f"(f.:A)=A by A2,XBOOLE_0:def 10;
end;

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
::    Homeomorphic TopSpaces             ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

definition
  let T,S be TopStruct;
  pred T,S are_homeomorphic means
    ex f being map of T,S st f is_homeomorphism;
end;

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
::    Open Function                      ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

definition
  let T,S be TopStruct;
  let f be map of T,S;
  attr f is open means :Def2:
  for A being Subset of T st A is open holds f.:A is open;
  correctness;
end;

::
::    Indiscernibility Relation
::

definition
  let T be non empty TopStruct;
  func Indiscernibility(T) -> Equivalence_Relation of the carrier of T means
:Def3:
  for p,q being Point of T holds
    [p,q] in it iff
       for A being Subset of T st A is open
       holds p in A iff q in A;
  existence
  proof
   defpred X[set,set] means for A being Subset of T st A is open holds
           $1 in A iff $2 in A;
    consider R being Relation of the carrier of T,the carrier of T such that
A1: for p,q being Element of T holds
        [p,q] in R iff X[p,q] from Rel_On_Dom_Ex;
   R is_reflexive_in the carrier of T
    proof
      let x be set;
      assume A2: x in the carrier of T;
        for A being Subset of T st A is open holds x in A iff x in A;
      hence [x,x] in R by A1,A2;
    end;
    then
A3: dom R = the carrier of T & field R = the carrier of T by ORDERS_1:98;
    then
A4: R is total by PARTFUN1:def 4;

A5: R is_symmetric_in the carrier of T
    proof
      let x,y be set;
      assume A6: x in the carrier of T & y in the carrier of T & [x,y] in R;
      then for A being Subset of T st A is open
      holds y in A iff x in A by A1;
      hence [y,x] in R by A1,A6;
    end;

      R is_transitive_in the carrier of T
    proof
      let x,y,z be set;
      assume A7: x in the carrier of T & y in the carrier of T &
      z in the carrier of T & [x,y] in R & [y,z] in R;
      then reconsider x' = x, y' = y, z' = z as Element of T;

        for A being Subset of T st A is open holds x' in A iff z' in A
      proof
        let A be Subset of T; assume A is open;
         then (x' in A iff y' in A) &
          (y' in A iff z' in A) by A1,A7;
        hence thesis;
      end;
      hence thesis by A1;
    end;
    then reconsider R as Equivalence_Relation of the carrier of T
                        by A3,A4,A5,RELAT_2:def 11,def 16;
    take R;
    let p,q be Point of T;
    thus [p,q] in R implies
      for A be Subset of T st A is open holds p in A iff q in A by A1;
    assume for A being Subset of T st A is open holds p in A iff q in A;
    hence [p,q] in R by A1;
  end;

  uniqueness
  proof
    let R1,R2 be Equivalence_Relation of the carrier of T;
    assume that
A8: for p,q being Point of T holds
        [p,q] in R1 iff for A being Subset of T st
        A is open holds p in A iff q in A
    and
A9: for p,q being Point of T holds
        [p,q] in R2 iff for A being Subset of T st
        A is open holds p in A iff q in A;

      for x,y being Point of T holds [x,y] in R1 iff [x,y] in R2
    proof
      let x,y be Point of T;
        [x,y] in R1 iff for A being Subset of T st
      A is open holds x in A iff y in A by A8;
      hence thesis by A9;
    end;

    hence R1=R2 by Th1;
  end;
end;


::
::    Indiscernibility Partition
::

definition
  let T be non empty TopStruct;
  func Indiscernible(T) -> non empty a_partition of the carrier of T equals
:Def4:
   Class Indiscernibility(T);
  coherence
  proof
    set R = Indiscernibility(T);
    consider p being Point of T;
      Class(R,p) in Class R by EQREL_1:def 5; hence thesis by EQREL_1:42;
  end;
  correctness;
end;

::
::    T_0 Reflex of TopSpace
::

definition
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  func T_0-reflex(T) -> TopSpace equals :Def5:
   space Indiscernible(T);
  correctness;
end;

definition
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  cluster T_0-reflex(T) -> non empty;
  coherence
   proof T_0-reflex(T) = space Indiscernible(T) by Def5;
    hence thesis;
   end;
end;

::
::    Function from TopSpace to its T_0 Reflex
::

definition
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  func T_0-canonical_map T -> continuous map of T,T_0-reflex T equals:Def6:
   Proj Indiscernible T;
  coherence
  proof
      space Indiscernible T = T_0-reflex T by Def5;
    hence thesis;
  end;
end;

::
::    Properties of Canonical Map and T_0 Reflex
::

theorem Th3:
for T being non empty TopSpace,
    p being Point of T holds p in (T_0-canonical_map(T)).p
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
    T_0-canonical_map(T) = Proj Indiscernible(T) by Def6;
  hence thesis by BORSUK_1:70;
end;

theorem Th4:
for T being non empty TopSpace holds
  dom T_0-canonical_map(T) = the carrier of T &
  rng T_0-canonical_map(T) c= the carrier of T_0-reflex(T)
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  set F=T_0-canonical_map(T);

    dom F = [#] T by TOPS_2:51;
  hence dom F = the carrier of T by PRE_TOPC:12;

    rng F c= [#] T_0-reflex(T) by TOPS_2:51;
  hence rng F c= the carrier of T_0-reflex(T) by PRE_TOPC:12;
end;

theorem Th5:
for T being non empty TopSpace holds
  the carrier of T_0-reflex(T) = Indiscernible(T) &
  the topology of T_0-reflex(T) =
    { A where A is Subset of Indiscernible(T) : union A in the topology of T}
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
A1:  T_0-reflex(T) = space Indiscernible(T) by Def5;
  hence the carrier of T_0-reflex(T) = Indiscernible(T) by BORSUK_1:def 10;

  thus the topology of T_0-reflex(T) =
    { A where A is Subset of Indiscernible(T) : union A in the topology of T}
      by A1,BORSUK_1:def 10;
end;

theorem Th6:
for T being non empty TopSpace,
    V being Subset of T_0-reflex(T) holds
  V is open iff union V in the topology of T
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  let V be Subset of T_0-reflex(T);
A1: V is Subset of Indiscernible(T) by Th5;

  hereby assume V is open;
    then V in the topology of T_0-reflex(T) by PRE_TOPC:def 5;
    then V in the topology of space Indiscernible(T) by Def5;
    hence union V in the topology of T by A1,BORSUK_1:69;
  end;

  assume union V in the topology of T;
  then V in the topology of space Indiscernible(T) by A1,BORSUK_1:69;
  then V in the topology of T_0-reflex(T) by Def5;
  hence V is open by PRE_TOPC:def 5;
end;

theorem Th7:
for T being non empty TopSpace,
   C being set holds
  C is Point of T_0-reflex(T) iff
    ex p being Point of T st C = Class(Indiscernibility(T),p)
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  set TR = T_0-reflex(T);
  set R = Indiscernibility(T);
  let C be set;
  hereby assume C is Point of TR;
    then C in the carrier of TR;
    then C in Indiscernible(T) by Th5;
    then C in Class R by Def4;
    hence ex p being Point of T st C = Class(R,p) by EQREL_1:45;
  end;
  assume ex p being Point of T st C = Class(R,p);
  then C in Class R by EQREL_1:def 5;
  then C in Indiscernible(T) by Def4;
  hence C is Point of TR by Th5;
end;

theorem Th8:
for T being non empty TopSpace,
    p being Point of T holds
  (T_0-canonical_map(T)).p = Class(Indiscernibility(T),p)
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  let p be Point of T;
  set F = T_0-canonical_map(T);
  set R = Indiscernibility(T);

    F.p in the carrier of T_0-reflex(T);
  then F.p in Indiscernible(T) by Th5;
  then F.p in Class R by Def4;
  then consider y being Element of T such that
A1:  F.p = Class(R,y) by EQREL_1:45;

    p in Class(R,y) by A1,Th3;
  hence F.p = Class(R,p) by A1,EQREL_1:31;
end;

theorem Th9:
for T being non empty TopSpace,
    p,q being Point of T holds
  (T_0-canonical_map(T)).q = (T_0-canonical_map(T)).p iff
       [q,p] in Indiscernibility(T)
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  let p,q be Point of T;
  set F = T_0-canonical_map(T);
  set R = Indiscernibility(T);
  hereby assume F.q = F.p;
    then q in F.p by Th3;
    then q in Class(R,p) by Th8;
    hence [q,p] in R by EQREL_1:27;
  end;
  assume [q,p] in R;
  then Class(R,q) = Class(R,p) by EQREL_1:44;
  then F.q = Class(R,p) by Th8;
  hence F.q = F.p by Th8;
end;

theorem Th10:
for T being non empty TopSpace,
    A being Subset of T st A is open holds
     for p,q being Point of T holds
       p in A & (T_0-canonical_map(T)).p = (T_0-canonical_map(T)).q
         implies q in A
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  let A be Subset of T such that A1: A is open;
  let p,q be Point of T;
  set F=T_0-canonical_map(T);
  assume that A2: p in A and
              A3: F.p = F.q;

    q in F.p & F.p = Class(Indiscernibility(T),p) by A3,Th3,Th8;
  then [q,p] in Indiscernibility(T) by EQREL_1:27;
  hence q in A by A1,A2,Def3;
end;

theorem Th11:
for T being non empty TopSpace, A being Subset of T st A is open
  for C being Subset of T st C in Indiscernible(T) & C meets A
  holds C c= A
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  let A be Subset of T such that A1: A is open;
  let C be Subset of T;
  set R = Indiscernibility(T);

  assume that A2: C in Indiscernible(T) and
              A3: C meets A;

    Indiscernible(T) = Class R by Def4;
  then consider x being set such that
A4: x in the carrier of T & C = Class(R,x) by A2,EQREL_1:def 5;

  consider y being set such that
A5:  y in C & y in A by A3,XBOOLE_0:3;

    for p being set st p in C holds p in A
  proof
    let p be set;
    assume A6: p in C;
then A7: [p,x] in R by A4,EQREL_1:27;

      [y,x] in R by A4,A5,EQREL_1:27;
    then [x,y] in R by EQREL_1:12;
 then [p,y] in R by A7,EQREL_1:13;
     hence p in A by A1,A5,A6,Def3;
  end;
  hence C c= A by TARSKI:def 3;
end;

theorem Th12:
for T being non empty TopSpace holds T_0-canonical_map(T) is open
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  set F = T_0-canonical_map(T);
    for A being Subset of T st A is open holds F.:A is open
  proof
    let A be Subset of T such that
  A1: A is open;
    set A' = F.:A;
    set D = Indiscernible(T);

      F = Proj D by Def6;
then A2: F = proj D by BORSUK_1:def 11;

      A' is Subset of D by Th5;
then A3: F"A' = union A' by A2,BORSUK_1:31;

      for C being Subset of T st
      C in D & C meets A holds C c= A by A1,Th11;
 then A = union A' by A2,A3,BORSUK_1:33;
    then union A' in the topology of T by A1,PRE_TOPC:def 5;
    hence F.:A is open by Th6;
  end;
  hence F is open by Def2;
end;

Lm1:
for T being non empty TopSpace,
    x,y being Point of T_0-reflex(T) st x <> y
  ex V being Subset of T_0-reflex(T) st V is open &
              ((x in V & not y in V) or (y in V & not x in V))
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  set S = T_0-reflex(T);
  assume not (for x,y being Point of S st not x = y
    ex V being Subset of S st V is open &
       ((x in V & not y in V) or (y in V & not x in V)));

  then consider x,y being Point of S such that
    A1: x <> y and
    A2: for V being Subset of S st V is open
    holds x in V iff y in V;

  reconsider x,y as Point of space Indiscernible(T) by Def5;
  set F = T_0-canonical_map(T);
A3:  F = Proj(Indiscernible(T)) by Def6;

    ex p being Point of T st Proj(Indiscernible(T)).p = x by BORSUK_1:71;
  then consider p being Point of T such that A4: F.p = x by A3;

    ex q being Point of T st Proj(Indiscernible(T)).q = y by BORSUK_1:71;
  then consider q being Point of T such that A5: F.q = y by A3;
    for A being Subset of T st A is open holds p in A iff q in A
  proof
    let A be Subset of T such that A6: A is open;
      F is open by Th12;
then A7: F.:A is open by A6,Def2;
    reconsider F as Function of the carrier of T, the carrier of S;
    hereby assume p in A;
      then x in F.:A by A4,FUNCT_2:43;
      then F.q in F.:A by A2,A5,A7;
      then ex x being set st
       x in the carrier of T & x in A & F.q = F.x by FUNCT_2:115;
      hence q in A by A6,Th10;
    end;
    assume q in A;
    then y in F.:A by A5,FUNCT_2:43;
    then F.p in F.:A by A2,A4,A7;
    then ex x being set st x in the carrier of T & x in A & F.p = F.x
      by FUNCT_2:115;
    hence p in A by A6,Th10;
  end;
  then [p,q] in Indiscernibility(T) by Def3;
  hence contradiction by A1,A4,A5,Th9;
end;

::
::    Discernible TopStruct
::

definition let IT be TopStruct;
  attr IT is discerning means
:Def7: IT is empty or
  for x,y being Point of IT st x <> y holds
    ex V being Subset of IT st V is open &
      ((x in V & not y in V) or (y in V & not x in V));
end;

definition
  cluster discerning non empty TopSpace;
  existence
  proof
    consider T being non empty TopSpace;
    take T_0-reflex(T);
      for x,y being Point of T_0-reflex(T) st x <> y holds
      ex V being Subset of T_0-reflex(T) st V is open &
        ((x in V & not y in V) or (y in V & not x in V)) by Lm1;
    hence T_0-reflex(T) is discerning non empty by Def7;
  end;
end;

::
::    T_0 TopSpace
::

definition
  mode T_0-TopSpace is discerning non empty TopSpace;
end;

theorem
  for T being non empty TopSpace holds T_0-reflex(T) is T_0-TopSpace
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
    for x,y being Point of T_0-reflex(T) st not x = y
    ex A being Subset of T_0-reflex(T) st A is open &
       ((x in A & not y in A) or (y in A & not x in A)) by Lm1;

  hence T_0-reflex(T) is T_0-TopSpace by Def7;
end;

::
::    Homeomorphism of T_0 Reflexes
::

theorem
  for T,S being non empty TopSpace st
   ex h being map of T_0-reflex(S),T_0-reflex(T)
     st h is_homeomorphism & T_0-canonical_map(T),h*T_0-canonical_map(S)
       are_fiberwise_equipotent holds T,S are_homeomorphic
proof
  let T,S be non empty TopSpace;
  set F = T_0-canonical_map(T), G = T_0-canonical_map(S);
  set TR = T_0-reflex(T), SR = T_0-reflex(S);
  given h being map of SR,TR such that
A1:   h is_homeomorphism and
A2:  F,h*G are_fiberwise_equipotent;
  consider f being Function such that
A3:  dom f = dom F & rng f = dom (h*G) & f is one-to-one & F = h*G*f
      by A2,RFINSEQ:3;
A4:
  dom f = the carrier of T & rng f = the carrier of S by A3,FUNCT_2:def 1;
 then f is Function of the carrier of T, the carrier of S
   by FUNCT_2:def 1,RELSET_1:11;
 then reconsider f as map of T,S;
  take f;

  thus A5: dom f = [#] T & rng f = [#] S by A4,PRE_TOPC:12;
  thus f is one-to-one by A3;

A6:  dom h = [#] SR & rng h = [#] TR & h is one-to-one &
        h is continuous & h" is continuous by A1,TOPS_2:def 5;

    for A being Subset of S st A is open holds f"A is open
  proof
    let A be Subset of S;
    assume A7: A is open;

      G is open by Th12;
then A8: G.:A is open by A7,Def2;

      h" is continuous by A1,TOPS_2:def 5;
then A9: (h")"(G.:A) is open by A8,TOPS_2:55;

      h.:(G.:A) = (h qua Function")"(G.:A) by A6,FUNCT_1:154;
    then h.:(G.:A) is open by A6,A9,TOPS_2:def 4;
then A10: (h*G).:A is open by RELAT_1:159;
    set g=(h*G);
    set B=g.:A;

    A11:  F"B is open by A10,TOPS_2:55;
A12:
    for x1,x2 being Element of S
       holds (x1 in A & g.x1=g.x2) implies x2 in A
    proof
      let x1,x2 be Element of S;
      assume that A13: x1 in A and
                  A14: g.x1=g.x2;
        h.(G.x1) = g.x2 by A14,FUNCT_2:21;
      then h.(G.x1) = h.(G.x2) by FUNCT_2:21;
      then G.x1 = G.x2 by A6,FUNCT_2:25;
      hence x2 in A by A7,A13,Th10;
    end;

      F"B = f"(g"(g.:A)) by A3,RELAT_1:181;
    hence f"A is open by A11,A12,Th2;
  end;
  hence f is continuous by TOPS_2:55;

    for A being Subset of T st A is open
  holds (f" qua map of S,T)"A is open
  proof
    let A be Subset of T;
    assume A15: A is open;
    set g = h"*F;
A16: for x1,x2 being Element of T
       holds (x1 in A & g.x1=g.x2) implies x2 in A
    proof
      let x1,x2 be Element of T;
      assume that A17: x1 in A and
                  A18: g.x1=g.x2;

    A19:  h" is one-to-one by A6,TOPS_2:63;

        h".(F.x1) = g.x2 by A18,FUNCT_2:21;
      then h".(F.x1) = h".(F.x2) by FUNCT_2:21;
      then F.x1 = F.x2 by A19,FUNCT_2:25;
      hence x2 in A by A15,A17,Th10;
    end;

    set B = g.:A;

A20:
    G"B is open
    proof
        F is open by Th12;
      then F.:A is open by A15,Def2;
then A21:   h"(F.:A) is open by A6,TOPS_2:55;
        B = (h").:(F.:A) by RELAT_1:159;
      then G"B = G"(h"(F.:A)) by A6,TOPS_2:68;
      hence thesis by A21,TOPS_2:55;
    end;

      F = h*(G*f) by A3,RELAT_1:55;
    then g = (h"*h)*(G*f) by RELAT_1:55;
    then g = (id dom h)*(G*f) by A6,TOPS_2:65;
    then g = (id the carrier of SR)*(G*f) by FUNCT_2:def 1;
    then g*f" = G*f*f" by FUNCT_2:23;
    then g*f" = G*(f*f") by RELAT_1:55;
    then g*f" = G*(id the carrier of S) by A3,A4,A5,TOPS_2:65;
    then G = g*f" by FUNCT_2:23;
    then G"B = (f")"(g"B) by RELAT_1:181;
    hence (f" qua map of S,T)"A is open by A16,A20,Th2;
  end;
  hence f" qua map of S,T is continuous by TOPS_2:55;
end;

::
::    Properties of Continuous Mapping from TopSpace to its T_0 Reflex
::

theorem Th15:
for T being non empty TopSpace,
    T0 being T_0-TopSpace,
    f being continuous map of T,T0 holds
  for p,q being Point of T holds
         [p,q] in Indiscernibility(T) implies f.p = f.q
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  let T0 be T_0-TopSpace;
  let f be continuous map of T,T0;
  let p,q be Point of T;
  set p' = f.p, q' = f.q;
  assume that
A1:  [p,q] in Indiscernibility(T) and
A2:  not f.p = f.q;
  consider V being Subset of T0 such that
A3:  V is open and
A4:   (p' in V & not q' in V) or (q' in V & not p' in V) by A2,Def7;

  set A = f"V;
A5:  A is open by A3,TOPS_2:55;

  reconsider f as Function of the carrier of T, the carrier of T0;

    p in the carrier of T;
then A6:  p in dom f by FUNCT_2:def 1;
    q in the carrier of T;
  then q in dom f by FUNCT_2:def 1;
  then not (p in A iff q in A) by A4,A6,FUNCT_1:def 13;
  hence contradiction by A1,A5,Def3;
end;

theorem Th16:
for T being non empty TopSpace,
    T0 being T_0-TopSpace,
    f being continuous map of T,T0 holds
  for p being Point of T holds f.:Class(Indiscernibility(T),p) = {f.p}
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  let T0 be T_0-TopSpace;
  let f be continuous map of T,T0;
  let p be Point of T;
  set R = Indiscernibility(T);
    for y being set holds y in f.:Class(R,p) iff y in {f.p}
  proof
    let y be set;
    hereby assume y in f.:Class(R,p);
      then consider x being set such that
  A1:    x in the carrier of T & x in Class(R,p) & y = f.x by FUNCT_2:115;
        [x,p] in R by A1,EQREL_1:27;
   then f.x = f.p by A1,Th15;
      hence y in {f.p} by A1,TARSKI:def 1;
    end;

    assume y in {f.p};
  then A2:  y = f.p by TARSKI:def 1;
      p in Class(R,p) by EQREL_1:28;
    hence y in f.:Class(R,p) by A2,FUNCT_2:43;
  end;
  hence thesis by TARSKI:2;
end;

::
::    Factorization
::

theorem
  for T being non empty TopSpace,
    T0 being T_0-TopSpace,
    f being continuous map of T,T0
  ex h being continuous map of T_0-reflex(T),T0 st
     f = h*T_0-canonical_map(T)
proof
  let T be non empty TopSpace;
  let T0 be T_0-TopSpace;
  let f be continuous map of T,T0;

  set F = T_0-canonical_map(T);
  set R = Indiscernibility(T);
  set TR = T_0-reflex(T);

   defpred X[set,set] means $2 in f.:$1;
A1:
for C being set st C in the carrier of TR
  ex y being set st y in the carrier of T0 & X[C,y]
proof
  let C be set;
  assume C in the carrier of TR;
  then consider p being Point of T such that
A2: C = Class(R,p) by Th7;
  A3:  f.:C = {f.p} by A2,Th16;
    f.p in {f.p} by TARSKI:def 1;
  hence thesis by A3;
end;

    ex h being Function of the carrier of TR,the carrier of T0 st
    for C being set st C in the carrier of TR holds X[C,h.C]
       from FuncEx1(A1);
  then consider h being Function of the carrier of TR,the carrier of T0 such
that
A4: for C being set st C in the carrier of TR holds
        h.C in f.:C;

A5:
for p being Point of T holds h.Class(R,p) = f.p
proof
  let p be Point of T;
    Class(R,p) is Point of TR by Th7;
  then h.Class(R,p) in f.:Class(R,p) by A4;
  then h.Class(R,p) in {f.p} by Th16;
  hence h.Class(R,p) = f.p by TARSKI:def 1;
end;
  reconsider h as map of TR,T0;

    for W being Subset of T0 st W is open holds h"W is open
  proof
    let W be Subset of T0 such that
  A6:  W is open;
    set V = h"W;

      for x being set holds x in union V iff x in f"W
    proof
      let x be set;
      hereby assume x in union V;
        then consider C being set such that
    A7: x in C & C in V by TARSKI:def 4;
        A8: C in dom h & h.C in W by A7,FUNCT_1:def 13;
        consider p being Point of T such that
    A9: C = Class(R,p) by A7,Th7;
        A10: [x,p] in R & x in the carrier of T by A7,A9,EQREL_1:27;
        then C = Class(R,x) by A9,EQREL_1:44;
        then f.x in W & x in dom f by A5,A8,A10,FUNCT_2:def 1;
        hence x in f"W by FUNCT_1:def 13;
      end;

      assume x in f"W;
      then f.x in W & x is Point of T by FUNCT_1:def 13;
      then h.Class(R,x) in W & x is Point of T
        & Class(R,x) is Point of TR by A5,Th7;
      then Class(R,x) in V & x in Class(R,x) by EQREL_1:28,FUNCT_2:46;
      hence x in union V by TARSKI:def 4;
    end;
  then A11:  union V = f"W by TARSKI:2;
      f"W is open by A6,TOPS_2:55;
    then union V in the topology of T by A11,PRE_TOPC:def 5;
    hence V is open by Th6;
  end;
  then reconsider h as continuous map of TR,T0 by TOPS_2:55;
  set H = h*F;

    for x being set st x in the carrier of T holds f.x = H.x
  proof
    let x be set;
    assume A12: x in the carrier of T;
  then A13:  x in dom F by Th4;
      Class(R,x) in Class R by A12,EQREL_1:def 5;
    then Class(R,x) in Indiscernible T by Def4;
  then A14:  Class(R,x) in the carrier of TR by Th5;
      F.x = Class(R,x) by A12,Th8;
    then (h*F).x = h.Class(R,x) by A13,FUNCT_1:23;
    then H.x in f.:Class(R,x) by A4,A14;
    then H.x in {f.x} by A12,Th16;
    hence f.x = H.x by TARSKI:def 1;
  end;
  then f = H by FUNCT_2:18;
  hence thesis;
end;

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